Effect of four different opalescence tooth whitening products on enamel microhardness : scientific
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Abstract:
Objectives: The purpose was to evaluate the effect of various Opalescence tooth-whitening products on enamel.
Methods and Materials: Enamel blocks were exposed to Opalescence PF 10% Carbamide Peroxide (n=10), Opalescence PF 20% Carbamide Peroxide (n=10), Opalescence Treswhite Supreme 10% Hydrogen Peroxide (n=10) and Opalescence Quick PF 45% Carbamide Peroxide (n=10) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The control group was enamel blocks (n=10) kept in artificial saliva. The values were obtained before exposure and after the 14-days treatment period. Enamel blocks were kept in saliva between treatments. Indent marks on enamel blocks were examined using the scanning electron microscope for treatment effects.
Results: All four different Opalescence products damaged enamel. The most damage was done when treated for a long period (112 hours). SEM images also showed damage to enamel by all 4 products. Opalescence with 10% and with 20% Carbamide Peroxide showed the highest damage, which also differed significantly (p<0.05) from the saliva control group (pl0.05; Tukey-Kramer Multiple comparison test).
Conclusion: All 4 Opalescence products damaged enamel. Higher damage was done by the 10% carbamide peroxide and 20% carbamide peroxide products because of the much longer exposure period (112 hours in comparison to 7 hours).Keywords:
Opalescence
Carbamide peroxide
Tooth Whitening
Peroxide
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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of three 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on enamel microhardness and surface morphology. Seventy-two enamel slabs were subjected to one of three carbamide peroxide solutions or an artificial saliva solution for 15 hours a day for 2- and 4-week periods. During the remaining 9 hours, slabs were exposed to human saliva in vivo. Although differences were not statistically significant, microhardness values of all treated specimens 2 weeks after treatment were less than those of control specimens. These trends, however, were not evident at 4 weeks. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation revealed significant surface alterations in enamel topography for slabs treated with the bleaching solutions for 4 weeks. The most severe alterations were found in slabs exposed to the lower-pH solutions.
Carbamide peroxide
Peroxide
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Bleaching of vital teeth performed at home by the patient under the dentist's supervision, using low-concentration peroxides and custom-fitted trays specifically designed for this purpose, is one of several options for this type of dental treatment, whether alone or in combination with another in-office bleaching technique. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect on the enamel surface of two bleaching products recommended for this technique.Two bleaching products were used: VivaStyle (Vivadent), a 10% carbamide peroxide, and FKD (Kin), a 3.5% hydrogen peroxide. They were applied in trays to the anterior teeth of 20 patients (10 in each group). The application times were 2 and 3 hours a day respectively for 28-33 days. Replicas of the tooth surfaces before and after treatment were obtained. These were observed with a scanning electron microscope.The images obtained showed that the tooth surfaces remained entire and the enamel surface structures remained normal.The results show that neither of the products affects the enamel surface: no post-operatory changes were observed.
Carbamide peroxide
Peroxide
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Citations (23)
Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents have raised important questions on their potential adverse effects on the structure of enamel. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three carbamide peroxide bleaching agents in different concentrations (10, 16 and 35%) on the structure of enamel. Forty enamel slabs prepared from human third molars were divided equally among four groups. The specimens in the first and second group were subjected to 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide for 8 h per day for 6 weeks. Thirty-five percent carbamide peroxide was applied to the third group for 30 min a day for a 4 day period according to the manufacturers recommendation. The fourth group served as the control and was kept in artificial saliva during the test period. At the completion of the treatment, all the specimens were examined by infrared absorbtion spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results revealed that 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide did not seem to effect the structure of enamel, whereas 35% carbamide did affect the structure. The use of lower concentrations of carbamide peroxide (10-16%) is recommended over higher concentrations (35%) to avoid changes to the enamel.
Carbamide peroxide
Peroxide
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ABSTRACT Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of two home bleaching regimens (1 h/day versus 7 h/day for a total of 21 days) on the microhardness of superficial enamel treated with 10% carbamide peroxide gel. Materials and Methods: Rectangular enamel specimens (2.5 × 2.5 × 1 mm) were obtained from human third molars and mounted on the palatal aspect of removable orthodontic retainers. Nine enamel specimens were mounted in each of 10 retainers, used by 10 volunteers during the active phase of the study. Modified 0.089 cm thick bleaching trays were fabricated for each participant. Each bleaching tray fit a participant's arch and the retainer containing the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were treated with a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel (Nite White® Excel 2Z, Discus Dental, Culver City, CA, USA) for either 1 h/day ( n = 30) or 7 h/day ( n = 30), both for 21 days. Three enamel specimens in each retainer were never treated and served as controls. The retainers were worn by the participants whether or not they underwent bleaching. This simulated the natural action of the saliva/oral fluids on the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were subjected to pre‐ and post‐treatment microhardness measurements. Post‐treatment Knoop hardness numbers were compared with baseline values and analyzed statistically. Results: Bleaching treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in microhardness values when compared with values of the control nontreated specimens (1.7% and 2.5% reduction in hardness for 1 h/day and 7 h/day, respectively). There was no difference in microhardness between the different treatment regimens. Conclusion: Home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for up to 7 h/day for 21 days does not significantly affect enamel microhardness. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 1 h/day or 7 h/day for a total of 21 days is safe for human enamel.
Carbamide peroxide
Opalescence
Knoop hardness test
Retainer
Tooth Whitening
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UNLABELLED: Conservative techniques for treatment of discolored human enamel include in-office bleaching with heat-activated 35% hydrogen peroxide, Nightguard vital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide, and enamel microabrasion with 18% hydrochloric acid. OBJECTIVES: In this study, these bleaching techniques were performed on 30 extracted teeth to evaluate their effects on microhardness of enamel surfaces. METHODS: The enamel surface microhardness measurements were performed 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours and 1 week after treatment. Paired t tests were performed in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: No changes were found on specimens treated with carbamide peroxide. There was a significant decrease in the surface microhardness of enamel after 0 and 24 hours when the specimens were treated with 18% hydrochloric acid (softening 85.7 and rehardening 99.4) or with 35% hydrogen peroxide (softening 85.7). However, after 72 hours, significant rehardening was observed in these groups (P <.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results, except Nightguard vital bleaching, all other techniques softened the enamel surface.
Carbamide peroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Amalgam (chemistry)
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To evaluate the in vitro microhardness of enamel treated with a 10% carbamide peroxide agent and two desensitizing dentifrices at different bleaching times.A 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent was evaluated (Rembrandt 10%) (REM). A placebo agent was used as a control group (PLA). The bleaching and the placebo agents were applied to human enamel dental fragments for 8 hours per day, followed by immersion for 5 minutes in a slurry solution of desensitizing dentifrices: Sensodyne (S) or Sensodyne Fluor (SF). During the remaining time, the enamel fragments were individually stored in 13.5 ml of artificial saliva. Knoop microhardness measurements were performed at baseline, 8 hours, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of treatment and at 7 and 14 days of a post-treatment period.Analysis of variance and Tukey's test showed no differences in enamel microhardness for REM + SF (P=0.069) and PLA + SF (P=0.93) within each time interval. The dental fragments treated with REM + S and PLA + S showed an increase in microhardness values within each time interval (P<0.0001). There were significant differences among the treatment agents from the 28th to the 56th day. The use of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching and a desensitizing dentifrice significantly increased the enamel microhardness values during the bleaching treatment and after 14 days after the completion of the treatment. After the post-treatment period, the enamel fragments treated with a placebo agent and with a 10% carbamide peroxide agent and with a desensitizing fluoride dentifrice maintained the baseline values.
Dentifrice
Carbamide peroxide
Knoop hardness test
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The purpose was to evaluate the effect of various Opalescence tooth-whitening products on enamel.Enamel blocks were exposed to Opalescence PF 10% Carbamide Peroxide (n = 10), Opalescence PF 20% Carbamide Peroxide (n = 10), Opalescence Trèswhite Supreme 10% Hydrogen Peroxide (n = 10) and Opalescence Quick PF 45% Carbamide Peroxide (n = 10) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The control group was enamel blocks (n = 10) kept in artificial saliva. The values were obtained before exposure and after the 14-days treatment period. Enamel blocks were kept in saliva between treatments. Indent marks on enamel blocks were examined using the scanning electron microscope for treatment effects.All four different Opalescence products damaged enamel. The most damage was done when treated for a long period (112 hours). SEM images also showed damage to enamel by all 4 products. Opalescence with 10% and with 20% Carbamide Peroxide showed the highest damage, which also differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the saliva control group (p < 0.05; Tukey-Kramer Multiple comparison test).All 4 Opalescence products damaged enamel. Higher damage was done by the 10% carbamide peroxide and 20% carbamide peroxide products because of the much longer exposure period (112 hours in comparison to 7 hours).
Opalescence
Carbamide peroxide
Tooth Whitening
Peroxide
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This in vitro study evaluated whether the treatment of human enamel with whitening agents containing different concentrations of carbamide or hydrogen peroxide changes the susceptibility of enamel to caries. Twenty-four sound human incisors were selected for this study. For each tooth, the crown was sectioned into two halves in the cervical-incisal direction. One half of the sectioned tooth was treated and the other half was used as a control specimen. Each half was randomly divided into three treatment groups (eight two-halves/group). The whitening agents were 10% carbamide peroxide, 20% carbamide peroxide with fluoride and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Following pretreatment, the specimens were demineralized for four days in an in vitro microbial caries model and then analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results showed that there were no significant differences between the treated and controlled specimens for teeth treated with 10% carbamide peroxide or 35% hydrogen peroxide. However, specimens treated with 20% carbamide peroxide with FP (0.11% fluoride and potassium nitrate) were less susceptible to caries than their controls at p < or = 0.05. In conclusion, application of bleaching agents does not increase the caries susceptibility of human enamel.
Carbamide peroxide
Tooth Whitening
Potassium nitrate
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This study evaluated the effects of several low-concentration bleaching products on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to enamel at different elapsed times after the bleaching treatment. One hundred and fifty bovine incisors were divided into five groups: No treatment, 10% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence), 10% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Treswhite Supreme), 3% carbamide peroxide plus lactoperoxidase (WhiteKin), or 3% carbamide peroxide plus 2.7% carbamide peroxide (Clysiden Kit Express). All treatments lasted 4 weeks. After bleaching treatment or non-treatment, teeth were restored immediately, at 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after bleaching and submitted to µTBS test. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). For WhiteKin and Clysiden, µTBS to enamel was significantly reduced immediately, at 1, 3 and 7 days after bleaching. At 14 days after bleaching, similar µTBS values were obtained regardless of bleaching product. Therefore, while over-the-counter (OTC) products might affect bond strength to enamel, this effect was no longer observed after 14 days.
Opalescence
Carbamide peroxide
Peroxide
Tooth Whitening
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To evaluate in vitro, the effect of different external bleaching agents on the susceptibility of enamel against toothbrushing abrasion.96 bovine enamel specimens were embedded in acrylic resin, polished and covered with tape except for a 1.4 x 10 mm window. The samples were divided into eight groups (A-H), 12 specimens each (A-G) were treated with seven different home-bleaching (A: Whitestrips, B: Rapid White, C: Opalescence 10%, D: Opalescence PF 15%) and in-office-bleaching agents (E: Opalescence Extra, F: Opalescence Quick, G: Opalescence Extra Boost) according to manufacturers' instructions. Before and after each individual bleaching treatment the samples were brushed 40 times in an automatic brushing machine using a slurry containing artificial saliva and fluoridated toothpaste. The control group (Group H) was not bleached, but also brushed. After each cycle the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours.After 20 cycles loss of enamel was determined by profilometry, resulting in the following values (mean +/- standard deviation) which were statistically analyzed: Group A: (0.169 microm +/- 0.035), Group B (11.108 microm +/- 0.655), Group C (0.207 microm +/- 0.042), Group D (0.154 microm +/- 0.028), Group E (0.081 microm +/- 0.015), Group F (0.084 microm +/- 0.018), Group G (0.087 microm +/- 0.014), Group H (0.076 microm +/- 0.012). Group B differed significantly from the other groups (r = 0.001). Samples of Groups C, D and A showed a significant difference compared to the control H (r = 0.001). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between enamel loss of Groups E, F, G and the Control H. It could be proven that toothbrushing abrasion of bleached enamel may be increased depending on the bleaching agent and application form used. Nevertheless, with the exception of bleaching treatment with Rapid White, toothbrushing abrasion of bleached enamel seems to be clinically less relevant.
Opalescence
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Citations (28)