Equation of state formulation for unreacted solid high explosive PETN
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In this paper, a generalized procedure of providing p-v-ε equation of state (EOS) is developed based on the hydrostatic compression data with Birch-Murnaghan form of the isotherm. Obtained formula can be used to calculate Grüneisen EOS with arbitrary specific heat as a function of entropy, Cv(S), and arbitrary Grüneisen volume function, γ(v). It is found that different Grüneisen function gives only slight effects on EOS and p-v shock Hugoniot. On the contrary, T-v shock Hugoniot strongly depends on Cv(S) function. Constant Cv(S) gives overestimated high shock temperature TH, while linear Cv(S) gives much lower value, and intermediate function may give appropriate TH values.Keywords:
Hydrostatic equilibrium
Hydrostatic equilibrium
Shear force
Compressed air
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The evaporation source of evaporated explosive was designed and improved based on the inherent specialties of explosive. The compatibility of explosives and addition agent with evaporation vessels was analyzed. The influence of substrate temperature on explosive was analyzed, the control method of substrate temperature was suggested. The influences of evaporation rate on formation of explosive film and mixed explosive film were confirmed. Optimum evaporation rate for evaporation explosive and the better method for evaporating mixed explosive were presented. The necessary characteristics of the evaporated explosive film were obtained by the research of the differences between the evaporated explosive and other materials.
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Warm dense matter
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Modeling of non-hydrostatic strains allows extraction of a reliable (quasi-hydrostatic) equation of state from diamond-cell x-ray measurements at high pressures, as illustrated by new data on Os collected to 60 GPa at room temperature: axial- and radial-diffraction measurements are in good agreement with data collected using Ar and He pressure media, as well as with first-principles calculations, in confirming that osmium is the densest but not the most incompressible element. Dynamic-loading methods can generate much higher pressures than static compression, however, shock compression leads to high temperatures there is much interest in compression using ramp waves. This can be accomplished with graded-density mechanical impacts, or with laser-driven pressure waves; other means of maintaining low temperatures include pre-compression and cooling of the sample before it is dynamically compressed by ramp- or multiple-shock waves. Reduced temperatures lead to enhanced strength, which makes it necessary to model both temperature and strength effects in order to extract the equation of state. A unified approach combining analysis of static and dynamic compression measurements offers a means of determining pressure–density equations of state to high compressions.
Hydrostatic equilibrium
Diamond anvil cell
Hydrostatic pressure
Dynamic range compression
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Towards determining relative densities for common unknown explosives in improvised explosive devices
This paper proposes a methodology to obtain a model for estimating relative densities of unknown substances contained in Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) using scanning technology and image processing techniques. We assert that this technique can provide teams involved in explosive threat detection relevant information pertaining to a range of possible types of explosive material contained within an IED.
Explosive detection
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The evaporation source of evaporated explosive was designed and improved based on the inherent specialties of explosive. The compatibility of explosives and addition agent with evaporation vessels was analyzed. The influence of substrate temperature on explosive was analyzed, the control method of substrate temperature was suggested. The influences of evaporation rate on formation of explosive film and mixed explosive film were confirmed. Optimum evaporation rate for evaporation explosive and the better method for evaporating mixed explosive were presented. The necessary characteristics of the evaporated explosive film were obtained by the research of the differences between the evaporated explosive and other materials.
Vacuum evaporation
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Abstract We discuss equation of state forms used to describe condensed high explosive materials that are comprised of mixed components of reactants and products. We show that when the equations of state have poor thermodynamic properties, or good properties but used outside their calibration domain, reactive flow simulations can fail unexpectedly, due to either no states or multiple found thermodynamic states. We propose the use of complete equations of states for components to build multi‐component equations of state for explosive mixtures. Specific examples of equation of state forms are given that show both simulation failure and success, when well‐posed equation of state forms are used to simulate blast generated by the initiation of an explosive from an intense high‐pressure source.
Component (thermodynamics)
Well-posed problem
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The behaviors of explosives under many conditions - e.g., sensitivity to inadvertent reactions, explosion, detonation - are controlled by the chemical and physical properties of the explosive materials. Several properties are considered for a range of improvised and conventional explosives. Here I compare these properties across a wide range of explosives to develop an understanding of explosive behaviors. For improvised explosives, which are generally heterogeneous mixtures of ingredients, a range of studies is identified as needed to more fully understand their behavior and properties. For conventional explosives, which are generally comprised of crystalline explosive molecules held together with a binder, I identify key material properties that determine overall sensitivity, including the extremely safe behavior of Insensitive High Explosives, and discuss an approach to predicting the sensitivity or insensitivity of an explosive.
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The propagation velocity of the shock wave in the JO-9159 explosive sample and the aluminum sample was detected by a high-speed scanning camera.Hugoniot relations of the overdriven detonation product of JO-9159 explosive were obtained by the antitheses method.The overdriven detonation state of explosive was described by a combination equation of JWL andγ.The parameter values of equation of state(EOS)of overdriven detonation products for JO-9159 explosive were determined based on the experiment results.The results indicate that the p-V curve of the EOS is well consistent with the experimental results.The overdriven detonation state of explosive may be more accurately described by the combination equation of JWL andγ.
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This paper depicts the performances of a multi-sensor prototype on explosive vapor detection. The responses of the device in laboratory conditions but also in real life conditions were evaluated. Explosive precursors, explosive compositions and taggants were detected independently and under complex conditions, in presence of interfering compounds. Indeed, an efficient detector should detect small quantities of explosive in a realistic environment. It should also be selective to explosives and exhibit a very low level of false alarms when used in presence of benign substances or objects.
Explosive detection
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