Can depression in psychogeriatric inpatients at one year follow-up be explained by locus of control and coping strategies?
Guro Hanevold BjørkløfKnut EngedalGeir SelbækDeborah B. MaiaTom BorzaJūratė Šaltytė BenthAnne‐Sofie Helvik
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Objectives: Treatment of depression (in late life) is good. The short-term, but not long-term prognosis after treatment of depression in late life is good. To identify modifiable factors, we wanted to examine whether coping in terms of locus of control and coping strategies in depressed patients were associated with the prognosis of depression at follow-up, adjusted for sociodemographic information and health variables.Method: In total, 122 patients (mean age 75.4 years; SD = 6.6) were followed up (median 13.7 months, Q1-Q3 386-441) with a diagnostic evaluation(ICD-10) for depression and assessment of depressive symptoms (MADRS). Coping was assessed using Locus of Control of behavior (LoC-scale) and Ways of Coping questionnaire (WoC-scale).Results: At follow-up, 37.7% were diagnosed with a depressive episode. A stronger external LoC and lower MMSE-NR score at baseline were in adjusted linear regression analysis significantly more associated to higher depressive symptom scores (MADRS). More use of problem-focused coping, a lower I-ADL functioning, but not emotion-focused coping at baseline were significantly associated with being depressed (ICD-10), at follow-up in adjusted logistic regression analysis.Conclusion: LoC and coping strategies at baseline were associated with the prognosis of depression at follow-up, and may further be studied as indicators for choice of baseline intervention strategies.Keywords:
Locus of control
Depression
Economic stress is associated with a number of adverse psychological, academic and health outcomes. This study investigated the relationship between locus of control and decision making styles in accounting for variation in economic stress among low-income participants. Mothers of preschool children attending day care centers in low income areas completed surveys on locus of control, five decision making styles, and economic stress. It was hypothesized that more internal locus of control would be related to lower levels of economic stress and that the relation between stress and locus of control would be mediated by decision making styles, with dependent and avoidant styles being associated with more economic stress than rational and intuitive decision making styles.
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Abstract Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and the Achievement, Problem-Solving, and Fear-of-Failure scales of Singer and Antrobus's (1970) Imaginai Processes Inventory were administered to 200 college students. Individuals with an internal locus of control were found to engage in significantly more achievement daydreaming and significantly less fear-of-failure daydreaming than those with an external locus of control. This same pattern was found for men compared with women. The results were discussed in terms of a cognitive behavioral model.
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This study sought to predict economic locus of control from the background characteristics and personal dispositions of college students. Participants were a convenience sample of 236 Ugandan university students (males = 43.6%, females = 56.4%, Mean age = 23.80 years, SD = 4.29, lower SES =14.8%). They completed an economic locus of control that measures internal and chance/external aspects of own economic outcomes. They also completed an optimism scale, general locus of control measure and a causal attributions measure. Data was analyzed using stepwise multiple regression to predict economic locus of control from background characteristics and personal dispositions (i.e., optimism, general locus of control, causality beliefs). Internal economic locus of control was reliably predicted by being older, from middle SES, and high on generalised locus of control. Being female and having an internal locus negatively predicted belief in powerful others to influence own economic outcomes.
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Abstract Locus of control is a significant personality variable in psychology.1 Some people who feel personally responsible for the things that happen to them are believed to have an internal locus of control. Those who feel that outcomes in life are determined by forces beyond their control are called Externals. In this study, locus of control was found to be a significant predictor of student performance amongst undergraduate students in foodservice management.
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Locus of control developed by Rotter (1954) is considered to be an important aspect of personality. One’s ‘locus’ can either be internal (the person believes that they control their life) or external (the person believe that their environment, some higher power, or other people control their decisions and their life). This paper aims to study the locus of control of men and women employed in various sectors (mainly IT) at executive level and studying MBA in distance learning unit of Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences. For conducting this study, Rotter’s scale was used having 23 items with two options ‘a’ and ‘b’. This study consisted of total of 74 respondents, consisting of 54 male and 20 female employed in Bangalore. The results obtained after analysis support the conclusion that men are more internal than women and believe that events result primarily from their own behaviour and actions.
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This study used Rotter's I-E scale to investigate the efficacy of a Life Planning Workshop in facilitating development of an internal locus of control for 5 male and 8 female college students seeking assistance with vocational planning and decision making. Findings showed participants made significantly greater progress ( p < .05) than did a control group of 11 nonparticipants in the development of an internal locus of control.
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The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among scores on vocational interests, self-esteem, and locus of control for high school students. Grade and sex differences were also examined. 1364 high school students ranging in age from 14 to 19 years of age were administered the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children, and the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. High school students with higher scores on self-esteem and showing an orientation toward internal locus of control expressed more interests in a variety of vocational themes than adolescents with lower scores on self-esteem and scores for external locus of control. Sex and grade differences in vocational interests of adolescents were also noted. The findings were discussed in light of theoretical and practical considerations.
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BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the relationship of health behaviors with the health locus of control and the sense of self-efficacy against the background of socio-economic factors and self-rated health among students of the Universities of the Third Age (U3As). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 320 U3A students, with mean age of 67.5 years. The following research tools were used: Health Behavior Inventory (HBI), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and an original survey of the author's own design. RESULTS Mean total HBI and GSES scores were 90.63 and 30.12, respectively. These results are satisfactory. A slight predominance of internal health locus of control was documented. A number of significant correlations were found between the HBI, GSES, and MHLC scores, except for the MHLC subscale expressing the influence of chance. Educational attainment was shown to have a significant impact on the scores for the positive attitude and proper dietary habits subscales of HBI, as well as on the GSES scores. Economic status of the participants influenced the levels of positive attitude, internal health locus of control, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, internal health locus of control was found to be modulated by subjective health of the respondents. The scores for external health locus of control and the influence of chance increased significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS The currently noticeable emphasis placed on lifelong education should serve as a good prognostic factor for health behaviors and personal health resources for years to come.
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The present study aimed to explore the interrelationship among self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and locus of control; to find out the demographic differences on these variables among breast cancer patients. Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale, Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and The Locus of Control Scale were administered on the purposive sample of 150 breast cancer women in different cities of Pakistan. Two age groups were taken (25-35 years; younger patients) and (36-50 years; older patients), with different educational levels (above F.A.) and (below F.A.), on the basis of tenure of illness (I & II; early stages) and (III & IV; advanced stages). The correlational data found significant positive correlation of self-esteem with psychological wellbeing and locus of control. Significant positive correlation of older women was found with self-esteem and internal locus of control, and of younger women with external locus of control. Significant educational differences demonstrated high self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and internal locus of control in women with high qualification. Significant negative correlation of breast cancer stages found with self-esteem, psychological wellbeing and for locus of control, early staged (I & II) women have higher level of Internal Locus of Control, and advanced staged (III & IV) women have higher level of External Locus of Control. The study will help out in mounting ways through which clinicians or therapists can educate patients to combat the stressful psychological effects of this chronic illness
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