Sexual reproduction in Botrytis species
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SUMMARYSexual reproduction is reported for Gonapodya, a genus of the aquatic Phycomycetes. This sexual process is characterized by the fertilization of a relatively large non-flagellate egg by a small, posteriorly uniflagellate antherozoid. The fusion is for a time incomplete, the zygote becoming actively motile, propelled by the male flagellum. Encystment follows the motile stage, resulting in the formation of a smooth-walled spherical oospore.Description of the sexual phase of each of the two species of Gonapodya, G. prolifera and G. polymorpha, are given.The relationship of Gonapodya to established genera of the order Monoblepharidales, especially Monoblepharella, is indicated, and, it is believed, justifies the inclusion of Gonapodya in that order.
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In this paper,the sexual reproduction capacity of Orbiliaceous anamorphs derived from ascospores and asexual conidia were evaluated.The results demonstrated that sexual reproduction capacity between isolates derived from ascospores and conidia were different,and at least partially determined by their genetic differences.Our results support the hypothesis that species of asexual fungi in this family were probably derived from pleomorphic holomorphs by gradually losing their ability to reproduce sexual.
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The crop destroyer Phytophthora uses mating hormones α1 and α2 to commence its sexual reproduction. The α1-induced sexual reproduction of the A2 mating type was unexpectedly found to be interfered with by the counterhormone α2 that the A2 type itself produces to induce the sexual reproduction of the A1 type. A plausible mechanism is proposed based on structure-activity relationships.
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Fungal sexual reproductive modes have markedly high diversity and plasticity, and asexual species have been hypothesized to arise frequently from sexual fungal species. A recent study on the red yeasts provides further support for the notion that sexual ancestors may give rise to shorter-lived asexual species. However, presumed asexual species may also be cryptically sexual, as revealed by other recent studies. See research article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/249
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The biology of late blight of potato and tomato, caused by P hytophthora infestans , changed when sexual reproduction by the pathogen became possible in many parts of the world, including E urope. In northern E urope, especially S candinavia, there is increasing evidence that the pathogen is reproducing sexually on a regular basis, although in other regions further south or to the west it appears to reproduce primarily in a clonal manner. The presence of both mating types, the production of viable oospores, and observations of fields with soilborne sources of inoculum are consistent with sexual reproduction. Studies with different marker systems have revealed a population structure without any dominating clonal lineages in S candinavia, and that is most easily explained by sexual reproduction. P hytophthora infestans recovered from the soil can also be linked to parental genotypes using likelihood‐based methods when codominant markers are used. A synthesis of all the available data points to a second centre of sexual reproduction in northern E urope.
Phytophthora infestans
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Sporothrix schenckii
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