Viewing behavior on time-shift viewing with zapping along the on-air time axis
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Viewing angle
Deep time
Time shifting
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The usage of Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) deployments in the consumer electronics market is growing very popular in recent years. In IPTV multicast systems, quality of experience is a very critical factor for user satisfaction. Existing and future IPTV systems will offer a large number of channels to users. The most important factors that affect the quality of experience in IPTV systems are channel zapping times. Generally, the channel zapping time depends on several parameters like IGMP command process time, network delay time, IPTV consumer device processing delay time, jitter buffer delay time, MPEG decoder time and conditional access/digital rights management (CA/DRM) delay time. In this paper, we presented an analysis of channel zapping time in IPTV systems and we proposed a new approach based on channel-based peer selection, called CBPS where the peer partner to construct peer-to-peer communication is discovered and unicast stream for joined channel will be get from peer partner during zapping process. By this way, black screen will not be displayed to user during zapping process until the channel stream coming from server is available. The simulation results in OPNET Modeler have been provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Key words: Internet protocol TV, channel zapping times, peer-to-peer transmission, quality of experience.
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IP multicast
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This paper proposes an IPTV system model that reduces perceptible zapping delay using a content delivery network (CDN) cache server. A CDN provides web content rapidly to users by duplicating the content on multiple servers dispersed across the Internet and directing the content to users based on proximity. The proposed model provides low-bitrate preview content stored in the CDN cache server to viewers during the zapping time of the main channels. The quality of this preview stream is much lower than that of the main channel stream, so the time taken for transmitting.
IPTV
Content delivery network
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Digital terrestrial television
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최근 다양한 휴대용 디지털 매체의 발전으로 시청자들의 멀티미디어 시청 환경이 공간적으로 확대되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 시청자가 VOD 서비스를 이용할 때 한 매체를 통해 시청하다가 이동을 위해 일시중지한 후 다른 매체를 통해 중지된 시점부터 다시 시청할 수 있는 VOD 시스템 제어구조를 제시한다. 그리고 이 제어를 위해 필요한 스트림 동기화 모듈과 시청 로그 기반의 세션 및 자원 관리 시스템을 제안한다. 특히, 시청자와 VOD 시스템간의 비디오 스트림 제어를 위한 세션별 VOD 서비스 연결 관리 시스템을 설계하고 시뮬레이션을 통해 VOD 서비스에서 Seamless 콘텐츠 연결 모델을 제시한다. As various portable digital devices are developed, the space of the TV audience is expanding. We propose a structure of broadcasting control in VOD service in which viewers can resume the viewing of digital broadcasting contents in different devices after they have stopped the viewing to move to another place. Then we design a session and resource management system of VOD for this control. In particular, we design the session management of each consumer and simulate the seamless VOD connection model.
Video on demand
Interactive Television
On demand
Digital multimedia broadcasting
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Video watching time is a crucial measure for studying user watching behavior in online Internet video-on-demand (VoD) systems. It is important for system planning, user engagement study, and service quality evaluation. However, due to limited access to large-scale VoD systems, there is still a lack of accurate model for characterizing the distribution of user watching time on a per video basis. In this paper, we measure PPLive, one of the most popular commercial Internet VoD systems in China, over a three week period, and characterize user watching time distributions of 1,000 most popular movies. We find that a video's watching time can be modeled by a concatenation of exponential distribution (in the first several minutes of the video) and truncated power law distribution (in the remaining time of the video), when users watch the video without interruptions. For comparison, user watching time with user interactions such as seeking and/or pause operations does not follow such a distribution. We further reveal interesting characteristics regarding the relation between video's watching time distribution and various watching/video-related features (including time-of-day, user ratings, and movie genres). Our measurement and modeling results bring forth important insights for design, deployment, and evaluation of Internet VoD systems.
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Concatenation (mathematics)
Video on demand
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Understanding streaming user behavior is crucial to the design of large-scale video-on-demand (VoD) systems. However, existing studies usually treat all the users as an entire entity to analyze the collective user behavior. In this paper, we measure the individual viewing behavior of 10 million sampled users from two perspectives: the temporal characteristics and the user interest, and present our results by dividing users into the active and inactive groups. We observe that the active users spend more hours on each active day, and their daily request time distribution is more scattered than that of the inactive users, while the inter-viewing time distribution differs negligible between two groups. We exhibit the similar viewing behaviors of the active and inactive users, e.g. the common interests in popular videos and the latest uploaded videos. We further propose a modified Weibull distribution to fit users' view completion rate, which can deal with different video categories well. To identify users with similar viewing behaviors, we cluster them into 24 classes using their daily request timestamp or 11 classes using the watched video category. The analysis of cluster centroid manifests the efficacy of the clustering, which enables us to step closer to the understanding of user behavior in large-scale VoD systems.
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Due to the increase in the speed of wireless communication in recent years, video-on-demand (VoD) systems has got great attention. In conventional VoD systems, when the number of clients receiving video data increases, the problems of longer playback interruptions or longer buffering times occur. Accordingly, several research focus on the VoD systems that adopt broadcast-type distribution (B-VoD). In B-VoD systems, video files are divided into several parts and distribution servers broadcast them in the sequences of predetermined broadcast schedules to reduce interruption time. However, conventional broadcasting methods do not consider the issues that occur in actual B-VoD systems, such as initial buffering delay and the increases of data sizes caused by video file division. Interruption time can be further reduced by considering them. Hence, in this research, we propose a data segment scheduling method for B-VoD systems. We measure the performance of our proposed method on an actual B-VoD system utilizing radio broadcasting (VHF-band) to achieve a broadcast-type distribution. The results of the experiments confirmed that, under the condition of an uninterrupted playback, the waiting time until the start of a playback can be reduced by up to 85% under our proposed method by dividing the requested video data into 6 parts and broadcasting the parts in parallel.
Video on demand
On demand
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