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    Tunneling in Squeezing Ground
    J. C. ChernChao YuH. C. Kao
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    A MODEL FOR SWELLING AND SQUEEZING GROUND IN TUNNELLING
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    Yuzo OkuiKazuo Nishimura
    トンネルを建設する場合や供用中のトンネルにおいて，側壁の押出しや盤膨れといった変状が発生することがある．建設中では縫い返しが，供用中であればインバートの設置や再構築が必要になる場合がある．特に最近，供用中のトンネルにおける盤膨れが顕在化しており，対策が進められている．このような変状に対して対策工を適用するためには，地山の岩石の性質を把握し，適切にモデル化し，トンネルに発生する変形を予測する必要がある．筆者らは，側壁の押出しや盤膨れを引き起こす岩石の性質として，拘束圧に依存した吸水膨張とそれに伴う強度低下に着目し，これを弾塑性有限要素法解析に取り入れることで変形を予測する手法を提案した．この手法を実際の変状トンネルに適用し，トンネルの内空変位や地中変位，覆工応力が適切に再現できることを示した．
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    In this paper we study the quantum tunneling time in the light-front using the technique of dwell time (or delay time). We introduce this method of calculation considering the delay time for the Schr\"odinger equation. Then, as we consider the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation, we face a problem, because the probability density for this case is not positive definite, and the delay time technique becomes inapplicable here. Other techniques have been devised to tackle this issue, but comparison of results becomes difficult because methods used are different. Therefore, there is a discrepancy in the tunneling time assessment for the low-energy non relativistic and relativistic case. By treating the Klein-Gordon equation in the light-front, we show that this discrepancy disappears.
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