Phosphine-mediated domino reactions of phthalimidomalonates with allenoates or but-2-ynoate: facile entry into highly functionalized pyrroloisoindolinone derivatives
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A phosphine-mediated γ-umpolung/Wittig/γ-umpolung reaction between phthalimidomalonates and allenoates/but-2-ynoate furnishes highly functionalized pyrroloisoindolinone derivatives in synthetically useful yields.Keywords:
Domino
Domino Effect
Abstract The continuous development of modern industry has potential hazard, of which domino effect is a major threat that could result in catastrophe. Moreover, domino accidents will endanger the environment and human health. Some decision support systems for preventing the domino effect have been developed, while most of them are too theoretical and have obvious limitations, such as ignoring the influence of personnel, operational, and other real factors in the actual industrial production process. This paper emphasizes the causes of potential domino accidents and the construction of the accident chain. A system called DOMIRISK is designed which can: 1) quantify the domino effect of the entire plant; 2) identify the root cause of potential domino accidents; 3) build the accident chain of domino effect; 4) assess the environmental risk of the domino accident. A chemical plant is used as an example to illustrate how the system provides practical decision support for controlling the occurrence and spread of domino accidents and protecting environment.
Domino
Domino Effect
Accident (philosophy)
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The paper presents the results of study to investigate and propose means of assessing the potential risk for a domino interaction between equipments/groups of sites. Domino effect,complex phenomena,is a well-known cause of severe accidents in the processing industry,and one accident may cause another accident in other installations nearby,and/or leading to a series of accidents. The probability of domino effect like accidents has been increased due to the adverse impacts of the increasing congestion in industrial complexes and ever-increasing density of human population around such industrial complexes. Trying to identify the mechanism of the domino effect escalation,the paper has made a thorough investigation of the likely effective approaches to assessing the inter-site escalation and associated damage criteria. In addition,we have also surveyed the likely factors relevant to domino escalation and various liabilities leading to a domino event. Although a number of articles can be found to review likely domino effects,no one can be said to provide an overall coherent approach. It is for this reason that the paper has proposed definitions and analyses of notions related to the domino effects. In addition,factors relevant to domino effects and potential causes likely to result domino accidents have also been discussed. Moreover,we are brave enough to develop a methodology for the quantitative risk assessment of accidents triggered by domino effects in industrial environment. The methodology is based on the models of fire and explosion damage when processing equipment and facilities due to the different escalations,prohibit functions and the quantitative risk analysis techniques,with the probability of domino events and the corresponding consequences calculated. With diagrams of individual risk and F-N societal risk curves drawn,the present study can be expected to be conducive to the safety assessment and successful prevention of such accident.
Domino Effect
Domino
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Abstract Domino effect is a fairly common phenomenon in process industry accidents, which makes many process industry accidents serious and the consequent losses enhanced. Domino effect of the major accidents in chemical cluster is emphasized. Many researchers have studied domino effect in chemical clusters from different perspectives. In the review, we summarize the research from three aspects: The statistical analysis of domino accidents in chemical process industry, the evaluation of domino accidents and the prevention of domino accidents in chemical clusters by game theory. From the analysis, we can find the characteristic of domino accidents such as the time and the location, the origin and causes of domino accidents. The methods of assessing domino effects such as quantitative risk assessment (QRA), Bayesian networks (BN) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) are analyzed. The prevention of domino accidents in chemical clusters using game theory is seldom, and there is still much space for improvement in enterprises’ efforts to prevent risk of domino accidents.
Domino Effect
Domino
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Past accident surveys reveal that loading and unloading operations (LUOs) are responsible for 11% of fire-related domino accidents. This study investigates the domino accidents during LUOs in the last two decades and identifies the main causes and features of these domino effects. An index-based approach is proposed to assess these domino effects, measuring the periodic escalation capability of installations. The proposed escalation capability index takes into account the special features being present in these accidents, including the spread of vapor cloud due to delayed ignition, multiple fires caused by vapor cloud explosion (VCE), the quantity variation of hazardous substances, and the change of primary event risk due to operations. From a risk management view, an emergency strategy is proposed to tackle the risk caused by LUOs. Therefore, this methodology can identify the most critical areas with regard to the starting or escalating of domino events during LUOs and support the decision-making of alert levels.
Domino Effect
Domino
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Domino Effect
Domino
Identification
Process industry
Time sequence
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In this work, we investigate the phenomenon of a chain of falling dominoes ("domino effect") by an acoustical measurement with a smartphone. Specifically, we will present an approximate model valid for a considerable range of realistic parameters of the domino effect; a new, easy and low-cost experimental method using acoustical data captured by smartphones; and a comparison of these experimental data to the simplified treatment and to other, more comprehensive theories. The results of the experiments show good agreement with other measurements and theory, both advanced ones from the literature, and our own simplified treatment: qualitatively the approach to a constant propagation velocity of the domino front after a small number of toppled dominoes as predicted by theory; quantitatively the numerical value of the asymptotic propagation velocity. The example can be seen as a demonstration of the use of mobile devices as experimental tools for student projects about a phenomenon of "everyday physics", and in the same time of interest for current research (the domino effect as a paradigm of collective dynamics with applications e.g. in neuronal signal transduction.
Domino
Domino Effect
Phenomenon
Experimental data
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Domino Effect
Domino
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This book introduces three domino effect models that can be used for risk assessment of both intentional domino effects and unintentional domino effects. Based on these risk assessment models, three chapters on domino effect management are provided to prevent and mitigate domino effects triggered by unintentional events or intentional attacks.
Domino
Domino Effect
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The severity of industrial accidents involving domino effects is widely acknowledged in chemical and process industries. The interdependence of installations and complexity of layouts pose significant challenges for the rapid quantitative assessment of domino effects in large chemical plants. In this study, a set of domino indices was introduced to measure the extent to which a given installation triggered and propagated domino effects, as well as to assess the overall domino effect in a specified area. An accelerated algorithm for domino accident modelling was developed based on Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the domino index. This algorithm can simulate all potential domino accident propagation pathways and the failure frequencies of installations. Two case studies, derived for a hypothetical chemical plant and actual oil-storage facilities, were examined to evaluate the applicability of the method. Furthermore, the method was validated using conditional probability calculations and vertex metrics. The results demonstrated that the proposed domino index is a useful tool for rapidly quantifying domino effects and that it can assist in identifying critical installations, designing plant layouts, and screening hazardous areas. The method and indices can provide guidance for the prevention of severe domino accidents.
Domino Effect
Domino
Domino logic
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