Structure and function of the bacterial communities during rhizoremediation of hexachlorobenzene in constructed wetlands
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Keywords:
Phragmites
Typha angustifolia
Gemmatimonadetes
A research on two kinds of emergent plants using a way of transplant was conducted in the lakeshore restoration demonstration zone of Lake Wulihu,with the purpose to investigate the effect of three substrate types and two cultivated ways on the growth of Phragmites australis Trin.and Typha angustifolia L..Without considering the influence of wave,Phragmites australis Trin.got a higher survival rate on the hard soil than immature brown clay and immature brown clay covered with lake mud.Increasing shoot height and developing the number of tillers were two of the methods that could increase above-ground biomass.The former contributed more to the Typha angustifolia L.and the latter was significant for Phragmites australis Trin..The result indicated that,compared with filled back with soil from the substrate,filled with lake mud was more suitable to Phragmites australis Trin..With a more powerful root system,Typha angustifolia L.had a higher absorbing capability for the nutrients,and thus its survival and growth were not correlated with substrate condition and backfill soil during experimental time.Apart with each other and cultivated separately,Phragmites australis Trin.was inferior in developing its survival rate, daily growth rate and shoot height than Typha angustifolia L..In despite of larger number of shoots,it was proved not to be a suitable way to plant Typha angustifolia L.separately.
Phragmites
Typha angustifolia
Typha
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Phragmites
Typha
Typha angustifolia
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Taking Phragmites communis T.,Typha latifola and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.of three aquatic plants as test materials,SOD,MDA,POD and chlorophyll content of three aquatic plants were determined in three salt concentration(0,1.5%,3%),and their salt tolerance were studied.The results showed that the salt tolerance of Phragmites communis T.was the highest,followed by was Typha latifola,while Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.'s was the lowest.
Phragmites
Nelumbo Nucifera
Typha angustifolia
Typha
Cocos nucifera
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Aquatic plants grow in water with photosynthesis and purify water quality as taking organic and inorganic matter in water. Polluted water in stagnant stream channel where nutritive salts load is great can be purified by activities of aquatic plants. Aquatic plants should be fixed to bed easily to plant and sustainable environment is needed. So in this study, Mattress/Filter system is suggested to plant aquatic plant in stagnant stream channel. In the result of study, coverage of Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia which planted in mattress was $78\%,\;62\%\;and\;82\%$ and numbers of species in each mattress system were 7, 11, 3. The evenness index of each mattress system was 0.86, 0.91 and 0.79 and diversity index of each mattress system was 1.67. 2.18 and 0.87. Removal rates of phosphorus at Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia which planted in mattress were $68.7\%,\;62.7\%,\;55.3\%$ and removal rates of nitrogen of them were $79.8\%,\;74.7\%,\;64.9\%$ . The removal rate of nitrogen was greater than phosphorus at all system and both removal rates were greater at Phragmites australis than at Zirania latifolia and at Typha angustifolia the rate was the least. Removal rates of $PO_4^{-3},\;NH_4-N,\;NO_{3-}N$ at Phragmites australis were $57.4\%,\;52.8\%,\;47.8\%$ and at Zizania latifolia were $82.6\%,\;77.2\%,\;67.5\%$ and at Typha angustifolia were $80.6\%,\;73.7\%,\;64.3\%$ . It seems that removal effect is great by the planted mattress system.
Phragmites
Typha angustifolia
Typha
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Two granular activated carbon (GAC) samples with 1.5 a and 5 a age were collected, Bacterial genome DNA was extracted for the 16S rDNA gene amplification, and then a bacterial 16S rDNA gene clone library was constructed. After the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, bacterial diversity and community structure of two activated carbon biofilm sample were studied. The results showed the bacteria in GAC with 5 a age could be divided into 11 groups, which were as follows alpha-Proteobacteria (26.5%), beta-Proteobacteria (16.3%), delta-Proteobacteria (16.3%), Planctomycetes (12.2%), Gemmatimonadetes (6.1%), Acidobacteria (4.1%), Nitrospira (2.0%), gamma-Proteobacteria (2.0%), Bacteroidetes (2.0%), Actinobacteria (2.0%), Unclassified Bacteria (10.2%). The bacteria in GAC with 1.5 a age could be divided into 10 groups, which were as follows alpha-Proteobacteria (21.6%), Planctomycetes( 10.8%), Bacteroidetes (10.8%), beta-Proteobacteria (9.0%), Acidobacteria (9.0%), Nitrospira (7.2%), detla-Proteobacteria (7.2%), Unclassified Proteobacteria (5.4%), Gemmatimonadetes (3.6%), Unclassified Bacteria (14.4%). The results revealed a variety of bacterial divisions on the studied GAC biofilm. Proteobacteria had the highest share in the two total clones, and alpha- and beta-Proteobacteria were on a dominant position. A relatively high proportion of delta-Proteobacteria was observed in the biofilm of GAC with 5 a age, and Nitrospira was in a minor proportion. However, a totally converse condition appeared in GAC with 1.5 a age. Two pathogenic bacteria, Afipia and Chryseobacterium, were detected in analyzed GACs, which implies a potential microbial risk in water supply.
Gemmatimonadetes
Acidobacteria
Planctomycetes
Chryseobacterium
Nitrospira
Betaproteobacteria
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فلزات سنگین از عوامل مهم آلاینده محیط زیستی به شمار می روند که از طریق مناطق ساحلی و رودخانه ها وارد دریا شده و از طریق زنجیره غذایی در بدن آبزیان تجمع میابند (عبادتی و همکاران، 1384). این عناصر در نتیجه عوامل طبیعی و انسانی مخصوصا فعالیت های صنعتی، کشاورزی و فاضلاب های شهری وارد محیط می شوند و از طریق زنجیره غذایی در بدن آبزیان تجمع میابند (اسماعیلی و همکاران، 1388). فعالیت هایصنعتیمنجربهافزایشبارفلزاتسنگیندررودخانه هامی شود. گیاهان آبزی به دلیل استقرار در محیط آبی و تغذیه از بستر توانایی بالایی در پایش فلزات سنگین از طریق فرآیند جذب و انباشت در بافت خود دارند. در این پژوهش اقدام به اندازه گیری غلظت سه عنصر سنگین روی، مس و کادمیم در نمونه های رسوب تالابی و بافت گیاهان تالابی گونه Phragmites Australis و Typha Angustifolia در تالاب انزلی نمودیم. بدین منظور تعداد 3 ایستگاه نمونه برداری در بخش غربی تالاب انتخاب و نمونه برداری از آن در تیر ماه سال 1397 انجام شد. از هر ایستگاه تعداد 1 نمونه رسوب بستری با دستگاه گراپ وان وین استاندارد و یک نمونه گیاه Phragmites Australis و Typha Angustifolia و به صورت رندوم و دست چین برداشت شد. نمونه ها در آزمایشگاه بعد از انجام فرآیند خشک و پودر شدن، توسط روش هضم اسیدی و بر اساس استاندارد ASTM 2000 مورد آنالیز قرار گرفتند. بررسی نتایج حاصله حاکی از آن است که میزان متوسط عنصر روی در بافت های گیاه گونه Phragmites Australis در بین 3 ایستگاه نمونه برداری شده به میزان 08/266 ppm، مقدار متوسط عنصر مس 08/7 ppm و متوسط عنصر کادمیم حدود 198/0 ppm می باشد. میزان متوسط عنصر روی در بافت های گیاه گونه Typha Angustifolia در بین 3 ایستگاه نمونه برداری شده به میزان 06/315 ppm، مقدار متوسط عنصر مس 06/10 ppm و مقدار متوسط عنصر کادمیم حدود 49/0 ppm می باشد. همچنین غلظت عنصر روی در نمونه رسوب بستر تالاب حدود 34/226 ppm ، غلظت عنصر مس حدود 5/22 ppm و غلظت عنصر کادمیم حدود 14/1 ppm بدست آمد. شواهد حاکی از ازدیاد غلظت روی نسبت به سایر عناصر سنگین مورد محاسبه در بافت و ریشه گیاهان Phragmites Australis و Typha Angustifolia می باشد.
Phragmites
Typha angustifolia
Typha
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The concentrations of Cu and Zn were measured in shoots of plants Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud., Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. at four locations in the area Bardaca (Necik - neglected fishpond, Lug - fishpond used for recreation activities, Sinjak - active fishpond and Matura - river connected to some of the fishponds). In all these types of water bodies, Zn and Cu concentrations were the highest in young plants (May-June) and then declined until the end of the season, especially in September. Phragmites australis has accumulated higher amounts of Zn than Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia, whereas for Cu the difference between species was not so clear. In relation to the site, the largest concentrations of Zn and Cu were recorded in plants from the sites Sinjak and Matura, followed by Necik and Lug respectively. Such site specific differences are related to specific ecological conditions at each habitat.
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Typha angustifolia
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The salt and alkali contents were so high that the ecological landscape was depressed in water body of a coastal estuary area. Screening some plants which could not only tolerate saline-alkaline but also effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus was therefore in urgent need. The tolerance range and removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus by Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia under salt and pH stress were investigated by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that Phragmites australis could tolerate at least 10 per thousand salinity and pH 8.5, while Typha angustifolia tolerated 7.5 per thousand salinity and pH 8.0. Combined with the change of the growth and physiological indexes (relative conductivity, proline, chlorophyll and root activity), the salt resistance of Phragmites australis was stronger than that of Typha angustifolia. Under salt stress, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen of Phragmites australis was higher. The removal rates of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus of Typha angustifolia were 2.5% and 7.3% higher than those of Phragmites australis in average, respectively, because of the high biomass of Typha angustifolias. The total nitrogen removal rate was equivalent. Under pH stress, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus of Phragmites australis was a little higher than that of Typha angustifolia. However, Typha angustifolia had a higher removal rate of total nitrogen, which was 8.2% higher than that of Phragmites australis. All the analysis showed that both Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia could be used as alternative plants to grow and remove nitrogen and phosphorus in the high salt-alkaline water body in coastal estuary area.
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ABSTRACT The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were measured in Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and sediment from 11 sites in Karasu Stream, Kayseri, Turkey. Both plants were root accumulators of Zn, Cu, and Cd, having higher concentrations of these elements in their roots than were present in the surrounding sediment. Pb was also accumulated but not against a concentration gradient.
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Typha angustifolia
Typha
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Typha
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