Circulating patterns of influenza B in South Africa: 2005-2014

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is an ongoing public health and socio-economic challenge, particularly in South East Asia. H5N1 is now endemic in poultry in many countries, and represents a major pandemic threat. Here, we describe the evolution of H5N1 virus in South East Asia, the reassortment events leading to high genetic diversity in the region, and factors responsible for virus spread. The virus has evolved with genetic variations affecting virulence, drug-resistance, and adaptation to new host species. The constant surveillance of these changes is of primary importance in the global efforts of the scientific community.

Reassortment

Pandemic

10.3390/v1030335

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H5N1 Virus Evolution in Europe—An Updated Overview

Viruses (2009)

Giovanni Cattoli Alice Fusaro Isabella Monne Ilaria Capua

Since its emergence in South East Asia in 2003, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 has reportedly caused outbreaks in poultry and/or wild birds in 62 countries, of which 24 were in Europe. Interestingly, out of the many genetic clades circulating in Asia, the westward spread of HPAI A/H5N1 to Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa was dominated by one single clade, namely clade 2.2. In this paper, we review and update through phylogenetic and gene migrational analysis the information concerning the evolution and the molecular epidemiology of HPAI A/H5N1 on the European continent.

Highly pathogenic

10.3390/v1031351

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Citations (36)

Laboratory response in the Republic of South Africa to the West African Ebola Virus Disease outbreak of 2014-2015

Epidemiology Open Access (2015)

J. T. Paweska

Ebolavirus

Source

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Origin of the heterosexual subtype C HIV-1 epidemic in Southern Africa. Virology Africa 2011.