Towards cleaner production – Using flotation to recover monazite from a heavy mineral sands zircon waste stream
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In this study, the iron-rich heavy mineral concentrate production from river sand as a byproduct of an alternative resource by gravity, magnetic separation, and flotation methods were investigated in detail.For the physical separation of the sample and increasing the Fe2O3 content, a shaking table and a wet high-intensity magnetic separator were used, respectively.The gravity and magnetic separation experiments included rougher, cleaner, and scavenger circuits.In the flotation experiments, cationic flotation with ethylenediamine under acidic conditions, and anionic flotation with sodium oleate under alkaline conditions were performed.The iron and silica content of the products obtained were determined by digital image processing (DIP) methods and compared with the classical analytical procedures.Finally, a flow chart was proposed for the processing of the ore according to the optimum enrichment parameters were determined from the experiments.The results obtained in this study show that it is possible to produce an iron-rich heavy mineral concentrate with Fe2O3 grade and recovery rate of 79.13% and 57.81%, respectively, in addition to a potential feed for the production of quartz sand and feldspar concentrates.
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Summary A nordmarkite from the Ben Loyal syenite complex has been analysed, in which a powdery yellow mineral occurs in miarolitic cavities. The mineral may be a new hydrated species with a monazite structure and a chemical composition essentially that of monazite but with silicon partly replacing phosphorus and with magnesium, calcium, and iron partly replacing the rare earths.
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A Green mineral akin to monazite, derived from the State of Travancore in southern India, was investigated chemically during the first world war by the Imperial Institute, London, and was found to be exceptionally rich in thorium and uranium. No description of this unusual 'monazite' has hitherto been published. The high content of radioactive elements in this mineral led the State Geologist, Mr. Venkitarama Mahadevan, to have a deposit opened up in 1945, in readiness for an assessment of the radioactive mineral resources of Travancore. At the invitation of the former Dewan, Sir C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., this assessment was carried out by Dr. C. F. Davidson early in 1946.
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Gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation methods allowed to obtain different titanium oxide concentrates (ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile) and different varieties of zircon concentrates (premium zircon, standard zircon, medium grade zircon standard) from Senegal's heavy mineral sands. During mining separation, monazite, which is a paramagnetic mineral, was found in a non-negligible concentration of 0.57 wt% on average in the medium grade zircon standard which also contains 37.96 wt% zircon and 44.46 wt% titanium oxides. Magnetic and gravity separation tests were carried out on the Medium grade zircon standard (MGZS) to produce a monazite concentrate at Eramet Ideas laboratory. Magnetic separation at 1.5 teslas intensity resulted in the recovery of 94.8% of the monazite from the MGZS. Gravity separation also recovered 76.6% of the monazite from the MGZS. The combination of these two treatment methods can thus produce three concentrates from MGZS (a monazite concentrate, a zircon concentrate, and a titanium oxide concentrate).
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Abstract U–Pb age data collected from zircon and monazite are used to draw fundamental inferences about tectonic processes in the Earth. Despite the emphasis placed on zircon and monazite ages, the understanding of how to relate the timing of growth of zircon and monazite to an evolving rock system remains in its infancy. In addition, few studies have presented large datasets of geochronological data from zircon and monazite occurring in the same metamorphic rock sample. Such information is crucial for understanding the growth of zircon relative to monazite in a systematic and predictive manner, as per this study. The data that exist support the generally held conception that zircon ages tend to be older than monazite ages within the same rock. Here experimental data for zircon and monazite saturation in melt‐bearing rocks are integrated with phase diagram calculations. The calculations constrain the dissolution and growth behaviour of zircon and monazite with respect to evolving pressure, temperature and silicate mineral assemblages in high‐grade, melt‐bearing, metasedimentary rocks. Several key results emerge from this modelling: first, that in aluminous metapelitic rocks (i.e. garnet + cordierite + sillimanite assemblages), zircon ages are older than monazite ages in the same rock; second, that the growth rate of accessory minerals is nonlinear and much higher at and near saturation than at lower temperatures; and third, that the difference in zircon and monazite ages from the same rock may be ascribed to differences in the temperature(s) at which zircon and monazite grow rather than differences in closure temperature systematics. Using our methodology the cooling rate of granulites from the Reynolds Range, central Australia, have been constrained at ∼4 °C Myr −1 . This study serves as a first‐pass template on which further research in applying the technique to a field study can be based.
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