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    The Value of Knowledge, Network Relationships and Governmental Support for Chinese Firms’ Early Internationalization: Survey Evidence
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    Abstract International retail is the operation of retail outlets in more than one country. The internationalization of retailing activity has two dimensions: the firm (direct internationalization) and the market (indirect internationalization). The internationalization of retailing formats and operational systems is not dependent on international retail firms. Indirect internationalization occurs when domestic retailers adopt international practices. When firm's engage in direct internationalization it is a market serving activity, it is not a resource seeking activity. International retailer activity is hosted by most global markets. Entry methods most commonly used are acquisition, organic growth, joint‐venture, and franchising. Since the 1980s, international retail activity has been characterized by the international expansion of firms that have retailing as their primary function. Earlier forms of international retail activity were often associated with other organizational characteristics where retailing was not the primary activity in the domestic market.
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    This paper presents the descriptive analysis of a study on internationalisation among Malaysian SMEs.The objective is to highlight the number of firms that do involve in international market, reason for internationalisation and their mode of entry into foreign market.For SMEs that do not internationalise, the concern is more towards the reason why they did not.Discussions are based on the related theories of internationalisation namely the Uppsala Model, Network Approach and International New Venture or Born global.Data were collected through self-administered questionnaire and a total of 250 responds were received. Findings indicate that exporting was the most used mode of entry and increasing profit was the main reason for internationalisation.Various internationalisation processes were adopted but the step-by-step and cautious approach seems to be the most popular.Potential difficulties and uncertainties in making profit appear to be the major reason for SMEs that did not internationalise.Crosstab analysis has been conducted to look at the characteristics of SMEs that internationalise.Discussions of the findings, significance of the study and direction for future research are then discussed.
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    RD internationalization is the result of development of economic internationalization. By commenting the internal and external study on RD internationalization in recent years,it first summarizes the features of study on RD internationalization then points our the direction for further study in future.
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    In the course of internationalization to develop market abroad,enterprises may meet with the international risks from the government,market,technology and management,etc.When an enterprise adopts entrance modes with different involvement extents to engage in international operation,the main international risks it faces are also different.Enterprises should identify international risks according to their own internationalization phases so as to improve their performance in internationalized operation and competitive power in the international market.
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