Physiological studies on the effect of salinity on germination and early growth in Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium arboreum L.
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Gossypium barbadense
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Abstract This pot experiment was to evaluate how salts (NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 ) and alkali (Na 2 CO 3 +NaHCO 3 ) affect the physiological and biochemical characteristics during the seedling stage of two cotton cultivars (salt-tolerant, L24; salt-sensitive, X45). Salt and alkali stress reduced seedling emergence rate, relative biomass, and chlorophyll content, however, the REC and MDA content increased. Salt and alkali stress increased markedly superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Peroxidase (POD) activity increased first and then decreased as the increase of salt and alkali stress. Catalase (CAT) activity initially increased and then decreased as NaCl stress increased. In addition, the SOD activity, REC, and MDA content was markedly higher in salt stress than that in alkali stress. The proline content of L24 was higher than that of X45 under salt and alkali stress. However, glycine betaine and soluble sugar content of L24 was lower than that of X45 under alkali stress. The REC and MDA content of L24 were lower than those of X45, however, the relative biomass, chlorophyll content, SOD, POD, CAT, and Pro were higher than those of X45. In conclusion, salt tolerant cotton cultivars may possess a superior protection effect by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity under salt and alkali stress.
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Cotton is a potential and excellent candidate to balance both agricultural production and reme-diation of mercury-contained soil, as its main production fiber hardly involve into food chains. However, there is known rarely about the tolerance and response to Hg environments in cotton. In this study, The biochemical and physiological damages, in response to mercury (Hg), were investigated in upland cotton seedlings. The results on cottonseeds germination, indicated the germination rate were suppressed by high Hg levels, as the decrease of percentage was more than 10% at 1000 µM Hg. Shoots and roots’ growth were significantly inhibited above 10 µM Hg. The inhibitor rates (IR) in fresh weight were close between shoots and roots, whereas that in dry weight the root growth was more obviously influenced by Hg. In comparison of organs, the growth inhibition ranked as root > leaf > stem. The declining of translocation factor (TF) op-posed the Hg level even as low to 0.05 at 50 µM Hg. The assimilation of cotton plants was af-fected negatively by Hg toxicity, as evidenced from the performances on photosynthesis pig-ments (chlorophyll a and b) and gas exchange (Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), CO2 assimila-tion rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs)). Sick phenotypes on leaf surface included small white zone, shrinking and necrosis. Membrane lipid peroxidation and leakage were Hg dose-dependent as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity (RC) values in leaves and roots. More than 10 µM Hg damaged antioxidant enzyme system in both leaves and roots (P<0.05). Concludingly, 10 µM Hg post negative consequences to upland cotton plants in growth, physiology and biochemistry, whereas high phytotoxicity and damage ap-peared at more than 50 µM Hg concentration.
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Stomatal Conductance
Malondialdehyde
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This study adopted the method of barrel planting to artificially set the salt content of six different soils (CK:1.5 g kg-1 , T1:3.0 g kg-1 , T2:4.0 g kg-1 , T3:5.3 g kg-1 , T4:6.2 g kg-1 , T5:7.3 g kg-1 ) to study the effects of different degrees of mild salt stress on photosynthetic physiology, growth index and yield of cotton under drip irrigation. The results showed that with the increasing salt stress and the prolongation of stress time, the photosynthetic physiological indexes of cotton showed a downward trend (P < 0.01), and the plant height and leaf area were significantly affected by salt stress in the early growth stage. Furthermore, the comprehensive analysis showed that compared with moderate and severe salt stress, stomatal limitation was the cause of photosynthetic rate decline in cotton under mild salt stress at early growth stage, while non-stomatal limitation was at late growth stage. Photosynthetic parameters were closely related to the degree of salt stress, and cotton yield showed a good correlation with photosynthetic indicators. This experiment could provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and management of cotton in mild saline-alkali land in Xinjiang.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the growth and physiological responses cotton plants to salt stress. At seven leaf stage, cotton plants were subjected to two treatments; 0 mM NaCl as the control and 150 mM NaCl as the salt stress treatment, respectively. The effect of salt stress on leaf gas exchange rates, leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll content, leaf K + and Na + concentrations, plant water status, endogenous phytohormone concentrations, dry matter accumulation and partitioning in plant organs was evaluated. The results showed that salt stress significantly decreased plant growth, water consumption, leaf water relations characteristics and leaf gas exchange rates as compared to the control. Under salt, photosynthetic rate was reduced to less extend than did stomatal conductance ( g s ) and transpiration rate, resulting in greater intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiencies compared to the control plants. g s decreased linearly with decreasing leaf water potential and leaf hydraulic conductance under salt. Salt‐stressed plants possessed a significant higher concentration of abscisic acid ([ABA] leaf ), while a significantly lower concentrations of gibberellic acid ([GA3] leaf ) and zeatin riboside ([ZR] leaf ) in leaf than those grown under control. Negative linear relationships were found between g s and [ABA] leaf , ratio of [ABA] leaf to [GA3] leaf , ratio of [ABA] leaf to ([GA3] leaf +[ZR] leaf ), respectively. Salt stress significantly decreased leaf K + concentration, the ratio of K + /Na + in leaf, shoot growth and biomass partitioning into leaf and stem, whereas increased leaf chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen concentration and biomass partitioning into boll. Although the water use efficiency of plant biomass was unaffected, the water use efficiency of boll biomass was significantly enhanced by salt stress. Collectively, salt‐induced changes in both hydraulic and chemical properties were involved in mediating the leaf gas exchange response to salt stress, and the enhanced leaf nitrogen concentration and biomass partitioning into boll may lead to a sustained yield with less water consumption in cotton plants grown under moderate salinity stress.
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The production of cotton is negatively affected by salinity. For this purpose, 8 parents and their 16 F1 hybrids were evaluated under saline stress (15 dSm−1) in Line × Tester fashion. Mean values of plant height, number of bolls plant−1, boll weight, lint weight, seed cotton yield plant−1, seed index, no. of seeds boll−1, seed mass boll−1, lint mass boll−1, seed volume per 100 seeds, fiber strength, fiber length, lint%, K+, K+/Na+ ratio, CAT, TSP, chlorophyll a, b, and relative water contents decreased under salt stress whilst the values of lint index, seed density, fiber fineness, Na+, H2O2, SOD, POD carotenoids, malondialdehyde, phenolic contents, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids increased under saline conditions. Under saline MS-71× CRS-2007, MS-71× KAHKASHAN, and IUB-65 × FH-312 exhibited performed better than other genotypes for most traits. For fiber quality traits IUB-65× CRS-2007 and IUB-65× FH-312 showed the highest value under salt stress. Improved identified cotton genotypes can enhance our capacity to grow cotton in salt-affected soils and the key morpho-biochemical traits can potentially be exploited to obtain higher and more stable crops yield under stressed environments.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major fibre crop that is greatly affected by climatic factors, especially drought and high temperatures. Excessive temperature (above 30 °C) during the reproductive stage (flowering) negatively affects cotton yield potential. Four diverse cotton genotypes were evaluated in a greenhouse study at Rustenburg, North West province, South Africa to elicit information on heat tolerance using chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) measurements. The ChlF measurements were made under laboratory conditions in an effort to develop a quick, reliable and inexpensive procedure capable of predicting heat stress on cotton. Tests consisted of measurements of maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) performed on intact leaves of cotton plants. Plants were subjected to two heat treatments, namely 30 °C and 40 °C for 6 hours, and measured with the M-PEA fluorometer. The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly when plants were subjected to 40 °C as compared to the 30 °C treatment. This decrease in the maximum quantum yield indicates damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the plants.
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