Characteristic analysis for optical antennas: A generalized equivalent circuit model for nanoparticles
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Abstract:
Optical antennas, which are considered for many potential applications, are antennas which work at optical frequencies. At this frequency range, the materials, such as Al, Ag, Au and so on, formerly treated as perfect electric conductor (PEC), now have dispersive and complex permittivity, which complicates most of the methodologies. In this paper, a generalized equivalent circuit model is developed for nanoantennas not only to deal with the dispersivity of permittivity, but also to provide more physical insight. Several examples are used to benchmark the method.Keywords:
Benchmark (surveying)
Perfect conductor
Covered conductors have the potential to reduce ignition risk associated with objects contacting bare conductors. This research paper presents simulation and empirical test results modeling conductor contact with objects. The overall objective is to test and illustrate that covered conductors substantially reduce current through the objects. This reduction significantly decreases the probability of ignition.
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In our previous paper, we proposed a new method for designing compact stranded superconducting conductors as a solution to the dilemma that low loss and high stability could not be simultaneously attained in commonly used conductors. By adjusting the twist pitches and directions of the sub-cables in the conductor, inter-sub-cable coupling losses in it are decreased. As a result, not only the total coupling loss in the conductor is decreased, but also high stability is maintained due to the low contact resistance between the sub-cables. The fundamental performance of the conductors designed using our method has been confirmed by measuring the coupling loss and the minimum quench energies in the conductor. Our measurements are, in this case, carried out using Rutherford cables with strands instead of the conductors with sub-cables. The results obtained successfully show the validity of our new design method.
Coupling loss
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The article provides a comprehensive idea of the calculating the magnetic field and forces in a pair of parallel solid conductors. The conductors are connected to a sinusoidal voltage source of a frequency that does not exceed 1 MHz. Thus the current density over the conductor cross sections is not constant. Its distribution depends on the distance of the conductors and their resistivity, on the shape of conductor cross sections, and on the voltage source frequency. The distribution of current density over the conductor cross sections affects not only the magnetic field produced by the conductors but also the forces acting on the conductors. For the acting forces, general conclusions are derived that hold for conductors of arbitrary shape of cross section. Specifically, pairs of conductors of rectangular, circular and triangular cross section are examined.
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This specification covers ACSR twisted pair conductor for use as overhead electric conductors. The conductors shall conform to the required values of equivalent size AWG, outer dimensions, nominal mass, rated strength, resistance and shall conform to the required component composition of aluminum and steel. . Tests for the electrical and mechanical properties shall be made on the component conductors.
Component (thermodynamics)
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As a way to improve performance of ITER TF conductors, two types of cable-in-conduit conductors were developed in Korea with variations of conduit thickness resulting in the different void fraction of the conductors. The estimated void fractions of the conductors are 31% and 33%. Here we report the details of the TF conductor development and the performance test result of them carried out in SULTAN. Regarding the conductor development, the internal-Sn-processed strand characteristics, strand cabling, twist pitch and characteristics of the conduits for the conductors are presented. For an extended understanding of the conductor design and performance, the SULTAN test results are presented and the effect of the void fraction variations is discussed based on the results.
Electrical conduit
Void (composites)
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This specification covers ACSR twisted pair conductor for use as overhead electric conductors. The conductors shall conform to the required values of equivalent size AWG, outer dimensions, nominal mass, rated strength, resistance and shall conform to the required component composition of aluminum and steel. . Tests for the electrical and mechanical properties shall be made on the component conductors.
Component (thermodynamics)
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It is possible to develop the process to determine the properties of conductor assemblies of virtually any cross section. The starting point is a technique devised by researchers at Culham to predict induced voltages in aircraft cables [1.9]. In this technique, the assembly-under-review is represented by an array of parallel conductors. It is assumed that the conductors at each end are short-circuited. So the end-to-end voltage of each conductor is the same. Since the voltage along the length of one conductor of this array is determined by the currents in all the conductors, then a set of primitive equations can be defined. Solving this set of equations allows the current in each conductor to be calculated. When the currents are known, it is possible to calculate the magnetic potential of any point in the vicinity. This allows the magnetic field pattern in the region to be determined. The composite conductor can be defined as a set of elemental conductors, aligned in parallel, which enables the distribution of currents or voltages in the actual conductor to be simulated. An elemental conductor can be defined as a conductor which represents a small segment of the surface of a composite conductor. In the method described here, the primitive equations are set up and the currents in the elemental conductors are calculated, but the focus remains on the behavior of those currents.
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We have been developing superconducting conductors for the helical coils of the Large Helical Device (LHD). From the test results of scale-down R&D conductors, one conductor, KISO-IB, was selected for its simple structure and good stability. Other conductor named Design-M have been manufactured in its actual scale from the first. These two types of conductors were selected and go forward to the full-scale tests. Since both conductors have multi-layered strand cables without the transposition, it is feared that the uneven current distribution between strands may cause the degradation of the critical current. A new method of measuring the current distribution inside the conductor was introduced. A pick up coil wound on the conductor detects the magnetic flux change in the conductor longitudinal direction and becomes a sensor to measure the current distribution. Using the test facility for full-scale conductors, the Design-M conductor has been tested about the critical current and stability. From the test results of Design-M, the uneven current distribution from the outer layer strands to the inner layer strands inside the conductor was observed. However, no degradation of the critical current was measured.
Large Helical Device
Transposition (logic)
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This specification covers ACSR twisted pair conductor for use as overhead electric conductors. The conductors shall conform to the required values of equivalent size AWG, outer dimensions, nominal mass, rated strength, resistance and shall conform to the required component composition of aluminum and steel. . Tests for the electrical and mechanical properties shall be made on the component conductors.
Component (thermodynamics)
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During the compact 500 kV 6-bundled conductor stringing under tension,sub-conductors twisting often occurs when span becomes large.The traditional solution that adds conductor separators within the span is not suitable in mountain regions.A new method to regulate tensions in sub-conductors was successfully applied to 500 kV Sheng-Shi line.The 6 sub-conductors are at high and low levels regularly to prevent the conductor from twisting.The new method reduces installation tools and labor and solves the conductor twisting problem in mountain regions.
Line (geometry)
Tension (geology)
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