Host nuclear genotype influences phenotype of a conditional mutualist symbiont
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Abstract:
Arthropods commonly carry maternally inherited intracellular bacterial symbionts that may profoundly influence host biology and evolution. The intracellular symbiont Rickettsia sp. nr. bellii swept rapidly into populations of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci in the south-western USA. Previous laboratory experiments showed female-bias and fitness benefits were associated with Rickettsia infection, potentially explaining the high frequencies of infection observed in field populations, but the effects varied with whitefly genetic line. Here, we explored whether host extranuclear or nuclear genes influenced the variation in the Rickettsia-host phenotype in two genetic lines of the whitefly host, each with Rickettsia-infected and uninfected sublines. Introgression between the Rickettsia-infected subline of one genetic line and the Rickettsia-uninfected subline of the other was used to create two new sublines, each with the maternally inherited extranuclear genetic lineages of one line (Rickettsia, two other symbionts and the mitochondria) and the nuclear genotype of the other. Performance assays comparing the original and new lines showed that in addition to Rickettsia, the interaction of Rickettsia infection with host nuclear genotype influenced development time and the sex ratio of the progeny, whereas the extranuclear genotype did not. Host nuclear genotype, but not extranuclear genotype, also influenced the titre of Rickettsia. Our results support the hypothesis that differences in host nuclear genotype alone may explain considerable within-population variation in host-symbiont phenotype and may contribute to the observed variation in Rickettsia-whitefly interactions worldwide.Keywords:
Nuclear gene
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SUMMARY Observations were made on the role of glandular leaf hairs of four tomato cultivars in trapping cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci , adults. Dead, trapped whitefly occurred in similar numbers on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves even though glandular hairs were denser on the former. Females constituted 58% of untrapped but 86% of trapped adults, many becoming trapped during oviposition which occurred mainly on the lower surfaces. Of the four cultivars studied, Strain B trapped more whitefly than Ace, Marglobe or Moneymaker.
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The efficiency of cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) transmission by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) Russell (Hom, Aleyrodidae) was determined. The transmission utilized field collected adult whitefly populations fed on (allowed 48 h acquisition access feeding period (AAP)) on CBSD (cassava brown streak virus disease) symptomatic leaves before transfer onto clean recipient plants. In subsequent transmission experiments, adult whitefly numbers of each species were varied per plant to determine the effect of whitefly numbers on the rate of CBSV transmission. CBSV was transmitted by B. tabaci allowed 48 h AAP on CBSD infected cassava leaves at a higher rate of 40.7% compared to that of A. dispersus at 25.9%. This work reports for the first time the transmission of CBSV by A. dispersus. A likely biological property of CBSV reported here for the first time is its ability to be transmitted by two whitefly species belonging to two different genera (Bemisia and Aleurodicus). Management of CBSD therefore needs to focus on the control of the two whitefly species to reduce the chances and rates of infection and disease spread.
Key words: Aleurodicus dispersus, Bemisia tabaci, CBSD, spiraling whitefly, transmission efficiency.
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Manihot esculenta
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Plant-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia endosymbiont between different whitefly species
A growing number of studies have revealed the presence of closely related endosymbionts in phylogenetically distant arthropods, indicating horizontal transmission of these bacteria. Here we investigated the interspecific horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between two globally invasive whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED, via cotton plants. We found both scattered and confined distribution patterns of Rickettsia in these whiteflies. After entering cotton leaves, Rickettsia was restricted to the leaf phloem vessels and could be taken up by both species of the Rickettsia-free whitefly adults, but only the scattered pattern was observed in the recipient whiteflies. Both the relative quantity of Rickettsia and the efficiency of transmitting Rickettsia into cotton leaves were significantly higher in MEAM1 females than in MED females. The retention time of Rickettsia transmitted from MEAM1 into cotton leaves was at least 5 days longer than that of MED. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gltA genes confirmed that the Rickettsia extracted from the donor MEAM1, the cotton leaves, the recipient MEAM1 and the recipient MED were all identical. We conclude that cotton plants can mediate horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between different insect species, and that the transmission dynamics of Rickettsia vary with different host whitefly species.
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Horizontal transmission
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Summary The bacterium Rickettsia is found widely in phytophagous insects and often exerts profound effects on the phenotype and fitness of its hosts. Here, we decrypt a new, independent, phylogenetically ancient Torix Rickettsia endosymbiont found constantly in a laboratory line of an economically important insect Asia II 7, a putative species of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and occasionally in field whitefly populations. This new Rickettsia distributes throughout the body of its whitefly host. Genetically, compared to Rickettsia_ bellii_MEAM1 found earlier in whiteflies, the new Rickettsia species has more gene families and pathways, which may be important factors in shaping specific symbiotic relationships. We propose the name ‘ Candidatus Rickettsia_Torix_ Bemisia_tabaci (RiTBt)’ for this new endosymbiont associated with whiteflies. Comparative genomic analyses indicate that RiTBi may be a relatively recent intruder in whiteflies given its low abundance in the field and relatively larger genome compared to Rickettsia _bellii_MEAM1.
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侨民的侵略上的 plant-virus-vector 相互作用的生态的效果种病毒的向量很少被调查了。我们由侵略 Q 遗传因子型和土生土长的 ZHJ2 遗传因子型检验了西红柿黄叶卷屈中国病毒(TYLCCNV ) 的传播 whitefly Bemisia tabaci，植物表演上的植物的 TYLCCNV 感染的病毒的向量，以及影响二 whitefly 遗传因子型。两 whitefly 遗传因子型能从感染的植物获得病毒并且在他们的身体保留了他们，但是是不能的把他们传给烟草或西红柿植物。当 Q 遗传因子型在感染 TYLCCNV 的烟草植物上喂了时，它的肥沃和长寿不管多么被分别地，与那些相比， Q，遗传因子型在 uninfected 烟草植物上喂了的 7-fold, 和 1 褶层增加。当 ZHJ2 遗传因子型在感染病毒的植物上喂了时，它的肥沃和长寿被仅仅 2-fold, 和 0.5 褶层分别地增加。Q 遗传因子型获得了的这些数据表演从烟草植物的 TYLCCNV 感染的更高有益的效果比 ZHJ2 遗传因子型。因此， Q 遗传因子型可以 whitefly 在它土生土长的 ZHJ2 遗传因子型的侵略和排水量有优点。关键词 Bemisia tabaci -遗传因子型- Begomovirus -向量病毒相互作用-中国(号码 30730061 )的国家自然科学基础支持的生物侵略 CLC 数字 Q945.8 工程，中国(号码 2009CB119203 )的国家基本研究节目( 973 )，并且浙江省的关键农业工程(号码 2007C12045 )，中国
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Summary 1. Experiments with adult females of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci , demonstrated that when mixtures of host plants were present, performance was reduced relative to that on the best of the host plants when presented alone. 2. Behavioural observations indicated that in the presence of a variety of plants, individuals moved more, switched between plants more frequently, and stayed feeding in one place for shorter periods of time, compared with the situation when single plant species were available. 3. The data are interpreted as a constraint on attentiveness in the presence of complex, mixed‐sensory stimuli.
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Whitefly
Manihot esculenta
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The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a destructive agricultural pest that frequently harbors various species of secondary symbionts including Rickettsia. Previous studies have revealed that the infection of Rickettsia can improve whitefly performance on food plants; however, to date, no evidence has shown, if, and how, Rickettsia manipulates the plant-insect interactions. In the current study, the effects of Rickettsia persistence on the induced plant defenses and the consequent performance of whitefly B. tabaci were investigated. Results revealed that Rickettsia can be transmitted into plants via whitefly feeding and remain alive within the cotton plants for at least 2 weeks. The different expression genes of cotton plants were mostly concentrated in the phytohormone signaling pathways, the marker genes of jasmonic-acid signaling pathway (AOC, AOS, LOX, MYC2) were significantly downregulated, while the marker genes of the salicylic-acid signaling pathway (WRKY70, PR-1) were upregulated. Biological experiments revealed that the fecundity of Rickettsia negative B. tabaci significantly increased when they fed on Rickettsia-persistent cotton plants. Taken together, we provide experimental evidence that the persistence of Rickettsia and its induced defense responses in cotton plants can increase the fitness of whitefly and, by this, Rickettsia may increase its infection and spread within its whitefly host.
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Jasmonic acid
Greenhouse whitefly
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