Beam Dynamics Studies on the EURISOL Driver Accelerator
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A 1 GeV, 5 mA cw superconducting proton/H linac, with the capability of supplying cw primary beam to up to four targets simultaneously by means of a new beam splitting scheme, is under study in the framework of the EURISOL DS project which aims to produce an engineering-oriented design of a next generation European Radioactive beam facility. The EURISOL driver accelerator would be able to accelerate also a 100 μA, He beam up to 2.2 GeV, and a 5 mA deuteron beam up to 264 MeV. The linac characteristics and the status of the beam dynamics studies will be presented.Cite
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The European Spallation Source (ESS) linac transfer-lines to the target and beam dump are designed for the 2 GeV beam energy. The commissioning and operation of the accelerator will start at a reduced energy of 571 MeV with the high beta part of the linac unpowered. The beam power at this energy is still above 1 MW and a proper transport from the last accelerating cavity to the target is essential. Beam dynamics design of the High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) and Accelerator to Target (A2T) are studied based on this reduced energy in this paper, including phase advance optimization and rematch. Among the factors which are analyzed are the envelope and beam size on the target which are kept close to their values at 2 GeV and losses along the linac and the transfer lines.
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It is proposed to construct a Spallation Neutron Source based on a 1 GeV proton synchrotron at CAT. A 100 MeV linac will inject the 20 mA H - ion beam into this synchrotron. The linac in turn is injected by a 4.5 MeV RFQ. This injector linac will additionally form the first 100 MeV part of a 1 GeV super conducting linac to be built in future for Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (ADSS) applications. Therefore both, the RFQ and the linac are required to be capable of operating at very high duty factors and/or in CW mode. In this paper we describe the results of our beam dynamics and RFQ cavity optimization studies for the 4.5 MeV RFQ.
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As part of the CERN accelerator complex upgrade, a new linear accelerator for H− (Linac4) will start its operation in 2014. The source for this linac will be a 2 MHz rf driven H− source which is a copy of the very successful source from DESY. In this paper the design and the first results of the commissioning are reported. The commissioning has progressed successfully, and no major obstacles have been identified which will prevent reaching the goal of 80 mA H− beam current, 45 keV beam energy, 0.4 ms pulse length, and 2 Hz repetition rate. The source is producing up until now a stable beam of 23 mA, 35 keV, and with a repetition rate of 0.83 Hz.
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A review is given of the layout and the design problems for recently proposed spallation neutron sources with up to 5 MW average beam power. The accelerator part consists of an H injector linac followed by compressor rings. Different to the design of high intensity proton linacs are the low energy front end and the restrictions at high energy for loss free ring injection. The linac energy spread has to be reduced by a bunch rotator requiring an unfilamented beam in longitudinal phase space. Uncollected ring injection losses should be kept below 10 . Due to intensity limitations of the H ion source a funneling line is needed at the front end. For loss free ring injection the linac pulse has to be chopped after the first RFQ. Special emphasis is given to either transverse or longitudinal halo production due to mismatch of a high intensity bunched beam. Concerning particle loss in the linac itself the loss rate has to be smaller than 10 /m for unconstrained hands on maintenance. Design criteria are discussed for 10% pulsed RF systems. Comments are given about the use of pulsed superconducting cavities above 200 MeV beam energy. 1 PROPOSALS FOR HIGH POWER SPALLATION SOURCES Recent proposals for spallation neutron source facilities require up to 5 MW average beam power. The accelerator part consists of a high intensity pulsed H linac followed either by a compressor ring or a rapid cycling synchrotron. The high intensity compressor rings are summarized in ref. [1,2]. Detailed proposals exist for the following projects : 1.1 Japanese Hadron Facility (JHF) The JHF aims at an interdisciplinary facility based on a high intensity proton accelerator [3]. It is planned to replace the existing KEK 12 GeV booster synchrotron by a high intensity 3 GeV booster. A 3 GeV, 200 A proton beam , upgradeable to 800 A, can be sent either to a spallation source target or a muon production target or nuclear physics area. By adding a 50 GeV proton synchrotron an average current of 10 A can be given to a Kaon area or a neutrino experimental hall. The H injector linac has to accelerate a 30 mA peak current beam up to 200 MeV in a first step. The repetition rate is 25 Hz and the pulse length 400 sec, leading to 200 A average current [4]. This results in a 3 GeV, 0.6 MW spallation neutron source. The final goal is to accelerate 60 mA peak current up to 400 MeV, leading to 800 A average beam current at 50 Hz rep. rate. This would lead to a 3 GeV, 2.4 MW spallation source facility. Quite recently the Japanese government decided to provide an additional fund to supplement the KEK 1998 budget. With this additional fund the JHF project team is preparing to construct a high intensity linac up to 60 MeV. 1.2 Neutron Science Project (NSP) at JAERI, Japan The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) is proposing the Neutron Science Project NSP. The objective of the NSP is to explore technologies for nuclear waste transmutation and basic research science in combination with a high intensity proton storage ring [5]. The 1.5 GeV linear accelerator is required to operate with H and H particles in a pulsed or CW mode. 5 MW average H power is envisaged for a spallation neutron source facility, whereas 8 MW CW H beam can be provided for nuclear waste transmutation experiments. Above 100 MeV a 5 cell superconducting (SC) cavity at 600 MHz is foreseen with 16 MV/m peak surface field. Single SC cavities at =0.5 have reached peak surface fields of 44 MV/m at 2.1 K already [6]. 1.3 Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Project Oak Ridge National Laboratory is coordinating for the Department of Energy in the US the SNS project [7]. As a first step a 1 MW beam power facility with one target is envisaged with a final energy of 1 GeV. The whole facility is upgradeable up to 4 MW beam power and a second target station. Design parameters of the first step are for the H injector linac pulse current of 30 mA for 1 msec long pulses. The 4 MW upgrade will be achieved by doubling the ion source current and installing a funnel line at 20 MeV. The high energy part of the linac is a conventional room temperature 805 MHz coupled cavity linac (CCL). The project will be built by a consortium of 5 DOE laboratories. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is responsible for the SNS linac front end [9], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is designing the linac [8]. The transport line between linac and compressor rings and the compressor ring layout itself is the responsibility of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). 1.4 European Spallation Source (ESS) The 5 MW beam power short pulse ESS facility [10] consists of a 6% duty cycle H linac with 1.334 GeV final en-
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The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) will use a linear accelerator delivering a 15mA beam up to 80MeV for injection into a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS). Since each section of the linac was determined individually, a global optimization based on end-to-end simulation results has refined some design choices, including the drift-tube linac (DTL) and the medium energy beam transport (MEBT). The simulation results and reasons for adjustments are presented in this paper. INTORDUCTION ` The layout of CSNS linac is sketched in Figure 1. It consists of a 50 keV H - Penning surface plasma ion source, a 3MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator, an 80MeV Alvarez-type Drift Tube Linear Accelerator (DTL) and several beam transport lines. The beam current of the linac is about 15mA with a pulsed beam width about 420≠s and a repetition rate of 25Hz.
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The purpose of the IFMIF-EVEDA (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility-Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities) demonstrator is to accelerate a 125 mA cw deuteron beam up to 9 MeV. Therefore, the project requires that the ion source and the low energy beam transport (LEBT) line deliver a 140 mA cw deuteron beam with an energy of 100 keV and an emittance of 0.25 π.mm.mrad (rms normalized) at the entrance of the RFQ. The deuteron beam is extracted from a 2.45 GHz ECR source based on the SILHI design. A LEBT with a two solenoids focusing system is foreseen to transport and adapt the beam for the RFQ injection. In order to validate the LEBT design, intensive beam dynamics simulations have been carried out using a parallel implementation of a particle-in-cell 3D code which takes into account the space charge compensation of the beam induced by the ionization of the residual gas. The simulations results (in particular from the emittance growth point of view) performed under several conditions of gas species or gas pressure in the beam line are presented.
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EURISOL, the next European radioactive ion beam (RIB) facility calls for the development of target and ion source assemblies to dissipate deposited heat and to extract and ionize isotopes of interest efficiently. The EURISOL 100 kW direct targets should be designed for a goal lifetime of up to three weeks. Target operation from the moment it is installed on a target station until its exhaustion involves several phases with specific proton beam intensity requirements. This paper discusses operation of the 100 kW targets within the ongoing EURISOL Design Study, with an emphasis on the requirements for the proton driver beam.
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