Progress with Scale-Up of HIV Viral Load Monitoring — Seven Sub-Saharan African Countries, January 2015–June 2016
Shirley Lee LecherJason WilliamsPeter N. FonjungoAndrea A. KimDennis EllenbergerGuoqing ZhangChristiane Adje ToureSimon AgoloryGeorgette Appiah-PippimSuzanne BeardMarie Yolande BorgetSergio CarmonaGeoffrey ChipunguKaridia DialloMarie DownerDianna EdgilHolly HabermanMackenzie HurlstonSteven JadzakCharles KiyagaWilliam MacLeodBoniface MakumbHellen MuttaiChristina MwangiJane MwangiMichael MwasekagaMary NaluguzaLucy NgangaShon NguyenSouleymane SawadogoKatrina SleemanWendy StevensJoel N. KuritskyShannon HaderJohn N. Nkengasong
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Abstract:
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends viral load testing as the preferred method for monitoring the clinical response of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (1). Viral load monitoring of patients on ART helps ensure early diagnosis and confirmation of ART failure and enables clinicians to take an appropriate course of action for patient management. When viral suppression is achieved and maintained, HIV transmission is substantially decreased, as is HIV-associated morbidity and mortality (2). CDC and other U.S. government agencies and international partners are supporting multiple countries in sub-Saharan Africa to provide viral load testing of persons with HIV who are on ART. This report examines current capacity for viral load testing based on equipment provided by manufacturers and progress with viral load monitoring of patients on ART in seven sub-Saharan countries (Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda) during January 2015-June 2016. By June 2016, based on the target numbers for viral load testing set by each country, adequate equipment capacity existed in all but one country. During 2015, two countries tested >85% of patients on ART (Namibia [91%] and South Africa [87%]); four countries tested <25% of patients on ART. In 2015, viral suppression was >80% among those patients who received a viral load test in all countries except Côte d'Ivoire. Sustained country commitment and a coordinated global effort is needed to reach the goal for viral load monitoring of all persons with HIV on ART.Cite
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18Oct 2018 EFFECTS OF INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION BEHAVIOR ON PERFORMANCE IN TANZANIA. BahatiGolyama , BukazaChachage and SagangaKapaya. Open University of Tanzania.
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This paper examines the impacts of MAUMAU in Tanzania. MAUMAU is a popular concept which has been widely used to denote nationalistic movements in Kenya in the period from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. However, scholars who have studied MAUMAU confined their thought to what actually happened in Kenya and hardly thought that MAUMAU transcended the borders of Kenya, and were felt in neighbouring territories such as Tanzania. Using secondary, archival, newspapers and oral sources collected from different parts of Tanzania, I argue that MAUMAU movement created tensions in Tanzania as well, and manifested into relocation of some Kenyans, creation of new histories, identities and developments into Tanzania. Such history can help to understand the presence of some Kenyans in Tanzania and strengthen inter-community relations among members of Tanzania and Kenya states.
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Background: Sexual risk behaviour is a global health concern.Unsafe sex practices increase the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners.This study assessed the knowledge of HIV transmission and sexual risk behaviours of patients accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in secondary health facility in Nigeria. Methods:In a cross sectional study, a study-specific questionnaire was self-administered to randomly selected 350 out of 5770 patients accessing ART.A midpoint of Likert-type scale was determined; and values above were positive while below were negative.Chi square was used for inferential statistics at 95% confidence interval.Results: Of participants, 57.1% were female and 28.6% aged ≥ 40years old.Knowledge of routes of HIV transmission and risk reduction associated with condom use was negative.Participants had positive attitudes to non-disclosure of HIV sero-status, multiple sex partners and unprotected sexual intercourse.Majority (63.7%) had one sex partner, 16% had >1 sex partners and 12.6% had none.Number of sex partners was associated with sex, marital and occupational status (P<0.05)unlike educational status; 66.2% of those who had one sex partners were married; 56.9% and 46.7% of those who had >1 sex partners were males and retirees respectively.Majority (66.3%) disclosed HIV sero-status to sex partners but only 62.6% knew HIV sero-status of their sex partners.Disclosure was associated with marital status (P<0.05)unlike sex and educational status.Only 28.9% consistently used condom during sexual intercourse; and 67.6% of them were aged >30 years old, while 55.7% were married.Consistent use of condom was associated with marital status and age (P<0.05)unlike educational status. Conclusion:There were poor knowledge of routes of HIV transmission and benefits of condom use.Few participants consistently used condom during sexual intercourse.Majority had one sex partner and disclosed HIV sero-status to sex partners.Ongoing counselling and education should be integrated into HIV prevention strategies.
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