Psychological Profile in a General Population in Central Part of Iran
Hamid AfsharHamidreza RoohafzaFatemeh RajabiAbbas AttariAwat FeiziAmmar Hassanzadeh KeshteliMahshid TaslimiPeyman Adibi
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Background: The description of demographic features and associated risk factors provides a perspective for the development of health and prevention policies for psychological screening or referrals. Thus, updated data on epidemiologic profile of depression and anxiety in the society are necessary. This study aims to describe the psychological profile of a general population in central Iran. Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional survey was performed as part of the SEPAHAN project (Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological‐Alimentary Health and Nutrition). The participants were working in 50 different centers across Isfahan Province, Iran. The data on 4628 adults who had completed demographic questionnaires and psychological questionnaires for depression and anxiety, coping styles, and stressful life events were included in the analysis. The data collection tools were the Demographic information questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Coping Strategies Scale (Cope), and Stressful Life Event (SLE) questionnaire. Results: The frequency and intensity of all considered stressors were found to be significantly associated with both depression and anxiety. Adaptive coping strategies were found to function as protective factors against both depression and anxiety. However, avoidance, as a maladaptive coping strategy, was found to be a risk factor. Conclusion: The present survey reveals that the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 28% and 14%, respectively. Scholastic education plays a protective role against both depression and anxiety. All coping strategies, except avoidance, function to protect against depression and anxiety.Cite
The mental representations of two groups were examined. It was predicted that judgments about a low entitativity group would involve the consultation of specific behavioral exemplars, whereas judgments about a high entitativity group would not. These predictions were tested using a modified version of Klein & Loftus' (1993) task-facilitation paradigm. Results showed that an initial task requiring a trait judgment about the group facilitated the later recall of a behavior performed by the group, but only when the group was low in entitativity. These results provide further evidence of differential information processes as a function of the perceived entitativity of a group, and shed light on the cognitive representations of such groups.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy processes enable people to confirm their negative expectancies for others. The perceiver goal of ingratiation was hypothesized to alter this behavioral dynamic and thus lead perceivers to disconfirm their negative expectancies. In an interview setting, we manipulated interviewer Ss' expectancies and interaction goals. As anticipated, "no goal" interviewers were relatively cold and challenging toward their negative-expectancy applicants; as a result, these applicants performed somewhat less favorably, consistent with interviewer expectancies. In contrast, "liking goal" interviewers were relatively warm and unthreatening toward their negative-expectancy applicants; as a result, these applicants performed favorably, disconfirming interviewer expectancies. These data support a framework in which perceiver self-presentation goals are conceptualized to moderate the expectancy-confirmation process.
Interview
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目的:本研究旨在探讨大学生完美主义、无条件自我接纳与抑郁之间的关系。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),无条件自我接纳问卷(USAQ),Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)对678名大学生进行测试。结果:①完美主义高标准维度与抑郁情绪无显著相关;完美主义差异维度可正向预测抑郁情绪。②有条件自我接纳可部分中介完美主义差异维度与抑郁的关系。结论:有条件自我接纳在大学生完美主义与抑郁间起部分中介作用,培养适应不良完美主义者的高水平无条件自我接纳非常重要。
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People who judge their relationships as more supportive enjoy better mental health than people who judge their relationships more negatively. We investigated how people made these judgments; specifically, how people weighed different types of information about targets under three different conditions: when judgments reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, and the unique relationships between perceivers and targets. Participants (i.e., perceivers) judged the same four videotaped targets on personality, similarity to perceivers and likely supportiveness. As in previous research, perceivers based their judgments on perceived target similarity to perceivers, and on target personality. However, how perceivers weighed personality and similarity information varied dramatically depending upon whether the judgment reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, or the relationship between perceivers and targets. Implications for understanding how people make support judgments were discussed.
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