Disability and Health
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Disability studies
This course introduces students to the field of disability studies, a field which problematizes the definition of disability and argues that disability is socially constructed. We will examine the usefulness of the medical and social models for understanding disability, the implications of these models, and the role played by both models as people with disabilities struggle for their rights. The experience of disability is also an important theme in the course. The course is organized as a combination of lecture and seminar, with more emphasis on seminar discussion than on lectures
Disability studies
Theme (computing)
Life course approach
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The dominant discourse on disability in social work has been that of an individual/medical model, which largely relegates the ‘problem’ of disability to a deficit within the individual. This paper calls for re-visioning disability: notions of disability in social work are contrasted with alternative frameworks, such as social and cultural constructions, materialist and political economy perspectives, and critiques of disciplinary power and the discourses of normalcy and measurement. These alternative conceptualizations drawn from humanities, social sciences, and disability studies can form the foundation of a dynamic critical theory of disability that questions impairment as necessarily a personal tragedy, and asserts that the notion of individual inadequacy is socially reproduced.
Disability studies
Critical Theory
Foundation (evidence)
Discipline
Materialism
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The article provides a theoretical analysis of the contemporary contexts of the meaning of the term “disability.” Starting with the original medical model, through the social and biopsychosocial model, it shows the concept development process. Reference is made to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps and its modified version - the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The article explains the concept of disability included in ICF and focuses mainly on the various contexts of its meaning. The analysis presented in the paper shows the complexity of the phenomenon of disability itself, different dimensions of disability experience, the role of personal and contextual factors, as well as the complex nature of relationships between the individual components of ICF: functioning, disability and health.
Biopsychosocial model
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Historically medical paradigms and diagnostic criteria have dominated disability policy content and operation, but, paradoxically, neglect of the health needs of people with disability was and still is a common experience. Medical-focused frameworks are generally also individually focused and seek to identify, fix or prevent impairment or difference in people’s bodies. The impact of this frame is a policy focus on disability being an essential and diagnosable state in an individual, with the onus then on either sequestering people from society or assisting the individual to adapt and accommodate to the majority environment. Attempts to bring together medicalised understandings of disability with the social models of disability and human rights have resulted in categorisation systems such as the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health), being applied at the person and population level. The ICF approach, or parts of the ICF model, remains the dominant framework for most Global South disability policy. This chapter maps the history of practices which led to the development of the ICF in parallel with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, examining each to understand what they represent and how they might be put to work in disability policy.
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Despite being assailed for decades by disability activists and disability studies scholars spanning the humanities and social sciences, the medical model of disability — which conceptualizes disability as an individual tragedy or misfortune due to genetic or environmental insult — still today structures many cases of patient–practitioner communication. Synthesizing and recasting work done across critical disability studies and philosophy of disability, I argue that the reason the medical model of disability remains so gallingly entrenched is due to what I call the “ableist conflation” of disability with pain and suffering. In an effort to better equip healthcare practitioners and those invested in health communication to challenge disability stigma, discrimination, and oppression, I lay out the logic of the ableist conflation and interrogate examples of its use. I argue that insofar as the semiosis of pain and suffering is structured by the lived experience of unwelcome bodily transition or variation, experiences of pain inform the ableist conflation by preemptively tying such variability and its attendant disequilibrium to disability. I conclude by discussing how philosophy of disability and critical disability studies might better inform health communication concerning disability, offering a number of conceptual distinctions toward that end.
Disability studies
Ableism
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Oppression
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Disability theorists have spent much time discussing how disability is defined. The theoretical roots for these debates reside in the medical, structural, and minority models of disability. The medical model views disability as equivalent to a functional impairment; the minority model sees a lack of equal rights as a primary impediment to social equality between able and disabled populations; and the structural model looks to environmental factors as the cause of disability. While debates over how to define disability are informative, there is currently an insufficient amount of empirical research looking at how people come to identify themselves as having a disability. Rather than focus on how disability is (or should be) defined, herein we look at how disability identities are constructed as people search for work. We show that people's interactions with employers and employment agencies have important influences on how disability identities are constructed. We borrow from the “doing gender” and “racial formations” paradigms to introduce an interactive approach to looking at how disability identities are constructed. We introduce the concept of disability formation to highlight how disability identities are continually negotiated through interactions with employment agencies and employers. Our findings are based on focus groups with 58 people who self‐identified as having a disability and were working or searching for work.
Disability studies
Disabled people
Disability benefits
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Upon successful completion of the course students will be able to:
- Identify and describe the major perspectives on disability and give examples of policies based on these perspectives within the United States.
- Describe how the medical model, the social construction of disability, the independent living paradigm, and the emerging paradigms impact people with disabilities and health and social services for people with disabilities.
- Provide analysis of research conducting in disability studies from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives.
- Report how an examination of disability studies would impact their professional conduct and services in relation to people with disabilities with particular emphasis on children, women and minorities.
- Understand their own beliefs and values in relation to disability/disablement.
Disability studies
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People with disabilities are a large minority that disproportionately seeks medical care. However, disability is relatively neglected in medical education and practice, and disabled people experience troubling differences and even disparities in healthcare. Practitioners can help improve healthcare for disabled people through disability studies, a multi-disciplinary field of enquiry that draws on the experiences and perspectives of people with disabilities to address discrimination. This article outlines a disability studies perspective on healthcare, specifically the rejection of the medicalisation of disability and difference in favour of an understanding of disability that focuses on social factors that disable, such as stigmatisation and a lack of accommodation. The 'social model' of disability can be expanded to chronic illness and to the broader work of the medial humanities. The author argues that narrative, particularly first-person accounts, provide a critical resource by representing the point of view of people with disabilities and by offering a means of examining the social context and social determinants of disability. The author examines specific conventions of narrative, the dominant plotlines such as the triumph over adversity, that predetermine experiences of disability and illness. Through disability studies and critical examinations of narrative informed by disability studies, practitioners can provide better care for patients with disabilities and work as allies towards more equitable relations in the clinic.
Disability studies
Medical humanities
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Part 1 Defining disability: defining disability - the social model defining disability - a definitional riddle disability and the social self. Part 2 Female forms: disability and feminist perspectives - the personal and the political disability and gender wherein lies the difference?. Part 3 Understanding disability: theorizing disability and impairment disability studies and medical sociology chapter notes.
Disability studies
Physical disability
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This paper provides theoretical links between the model of health and disability based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the complex notion of 'social capital'. In practice, social capital mechanisms could contribute to better health through their use in health-promotion actions, and, in general, through their integration in inclusive policies and systems for facilitating the biopsychosocial model of disability. The present paper shows how ICF could offer an informational platform for conceptualizing and potentially measuring the causal linkages between social capital and health and disability.
Biopsychosocial model
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