Synthesis and antifungal activity of 3-substituted imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines
Р.И. ИшметоваN.K. IgnatenkoI.A. BelyaninovaS.G. TolshchinaА.V. KorotinaПавел А. СлепухинН. П. ЕвстигнееваН. В. ЗильбербергP. G. AminevaNikolay V. KungurovGennady L. RusinovО. Н. Чупахин
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Keywords:
Dermatophyte
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum
Dermatophyte
Tinea Capitis
Microsporum
Epidermophyton floccosum
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Background Dermatophytosis are fungal infections caused by keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes and classified in three genera: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum. Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequent species associated to dermatophytosis worldwide [1]. The infections caused by dermatophytes are not lethal, but are difficult to treat and uncomfortable. In the case of T. rubrum, they tend to be chronic, and although the superficial infections are more common, cases of deep infection have been reported in immunocompromised patients [2][3]. The number of antifungal drugs are still limited, and the acquired resistance for some of clinical antifungal have been shown as well as the side effects that have been promoted by them. Reasons for the challenge in development of new antifungal drugs are the similarities shared by fungal and mammalian cells and the lack of knowledge about the biology of these pathogens. Recent evidences have shown that the fatty acid sinthase (FAS) is an interesting antifungal target [4] because of marked differences between human and fungal cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of four flavonoids described as FAS inhibitors and verify the modulation of genes in the pathway of fatty acid synthesis in T. rubrum growth in presence of the most effective one as FAS inhibitor.
Dermatophyte
Microsporum
Epidermophyton floccosum
Antifungal drugs
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Considerable changes in the dermatophyte spectrum have been observed in the past century. Hence, many authors point out the necessity of performing periodical overviews of the mycological flora producing mycoses in humans in a given area. Analysis of dermatophyte species was performed, which were isolated from the lesions in patients suspected of superficial mycosis and referred to the Department of Mycology. The materials were isolated from patients suspected of superficial mycosis from Kraków region from January 1, 1972 through December 31, 2007. A total of 4983 dermatophyte strains were isolated from 23 124 specimens, which amounts to 21.5%. The percentage of dermatophytes isolated in the past decade decreased to 13.1% in the year 2007. Trichophyton rubrum outnumbered Trichophyton mentagrophytes during the entire survey period: 62.4 vs. 33.5%. The participation of Microsporum canis amounted to 1.71% and that of Epidermophyton floccosum to 1.32%. The species M. canis appeared by the end of the 1980s. The remaining dermatophyte species comprised 1% of the isolates. A considerable decrease in dermatophyte isolations has been observed since 2000. Trichophyton rubrum outnumbered T. mentagrophytes during the entire period of study. The percentages of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are decreasing while the percentages of other dermatophytes are slowly increasing.
Dermatophyte
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum
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Anti-dermatophytic activity of Chrysosporium keratinophillum against species of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton floccosum was tested in vitro. When C. keratinophillum and different species of dermatophytes were inoculated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates 2 cm apart, no antagonistic effect of C. keratinophillum on the mycelial growth of dermatophytes was observed. However, conidia production was not observed on the hyphae of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans and E. floccosum grown near C. keratinophillum. The secretory substances released by C. keratinophillum inhibited the growth of T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and E. floccosum at a concentration of 2,000 microg ml(-1) when tested by broth dilution technique. No inhibition of the growth was observed for Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum nanum. The anti-fungal activity of secretory substances released by C. keratinophillum was recorded to be heat stable. Results of the present study suggest that the anti-dermatophytic activity of the secretory substances of C. keratinophillum on T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. tonsurans and E. floccosum may be responsible in part, for the absence of these dermatophyte species in soil. Considering the global prevalence of C. keratinophillum in soil one may speculate that the anti-dermatophytic activity of C. keratinophillum is one of the early events for the evolutionary divergence of saprophytic archi-dermatophytes to obligate parasitic dermatophyte species.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Dermatophyte
Trichophyton tonsurans
Microsporum gypseum
Microsporum
Chrysosporium
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The current study included evaluates the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Ipomoea carnea plant were used against dermatophytes isolated from school children in the city of Diwaniyah. The study showed the presence of many ringworms spread among children, and the most prevalent is tinea corporis with 33 (35). %) cases, followed by tinea cruris with 24 cases (26%). Males were the most susceptible to infection in most cases, with the exception of Tinea pedis, which was more common in females. As for the isolated species, they were both Trichophytons rubrum and Microsporum canis were superior in terms of the number of isolates with 30 and 28 isolates, respectively. As for as flower extracts, the concentration 30% alcoholic extract was the best in inhibiting fungal growth, as the diameters of the colonies were 1.3, 1, 0.7, 1, 1.2, 1.2 and 6 mm for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum, respectively, while the diameters of the 30%aqueous extract were 2.4, 2.1, 1.8, 2.3, 2.0, 2 respectively. The leaves Alcoholic extract were the best in compare with water extracts and the concentration 30 % gave the best inhibition for fungal growth, the diameter was 1.3,1,0.7,1.2,1 and 0.6 mm for the fungi for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum, respectively.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum
Trichophyton tonsurans
Dermatophyte
Tinea Capitis
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A serial dilution and a disc method were used for evaluation of susceptibility of 50 dermatophyte strains belonging to the species Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum. Following drugs were investigated: griseofulvin, pimaricin, clotrimoxazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, biphonazole and naftifin. Application of two methods of testing resulted in high convergence of determinations. Naftifin was most effective and pimaricin least active. Among imidazole drugs, relatively high activity against dermatophytes was exhibited by clotrimoxazole and ketoconazole. Strain of Trichophyton rubrum were more susceptible to antifungal drugs than strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Dermatophyte
Epidermophyton floccosum
Griseofulvin
Microsporum
Econazole
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Using modern medicine is seriously proposed as a worldwide public health concern due to its adverse side effect problems, whereas the use of herbal drugs in fungal infections claimed to be not only effective but also safe and out of danger.Herbal medicine as an independent treatment way or alongside western medicine can be helpful for in treating fungal infections. Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae family) and Quercus sessilifolia (Fagaceae family) have been noticed in a variety of antifungal investigations due to extensive traditional uses and low side effects. This paper attempts to show that for the first time the effect of two plant extracts against fungi was studied. Antifungal activities of methanolic extract of plants were evaluated against pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis) fungi with pourplate method (50, 25, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1, 1.5 mg ml-1 extract in medium). Concentration of clotrimazol as a control was 10 μg.ml-1. The results indicated that plant extracts prevent the growth of dermatophytes fungi. The foremost inhibitory effect of extracts in dermatophytes fungi cultures with minimum dose (6.25 mg.ml-1) was comparable to a concentration of 10 μg.ml-1 clotrimazole. The findings indicate that the methanolic extract of plants have antifungal effects on the growth of dermatophytes.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum
Fungal growth
Clotrimazole
Zingiberaceae
Dermatophyte
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Dermatophytes are a scientific label for a group of three genera (Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton) of fungus that causes skin disease in animals and humans. Conventional methods for identification of these fungi are rapid and simple but are not accurate comparing to molecular methods.This study aimed to isolate human pathogenic dermatophytes which cause dermatophytosis in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia and to identify these fungi by using conventional and molecular methods.The study was conducted in Medical Complex, Riyadh and King Saud University. Samples of infected skin, hairs and nails were collected from 112 patients. Diagnosis of skin infections, direct microscopic test, isolation and identification of dermatophytes by conventional and molecular methods were carried out.The results indicated that the tinea capitis infection had the highest prevalence among the patients (22.3%) while Tinea barbae had the lowest. In this study the identified dermatophyte isolates belong to nine species as Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton concentricum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum which cause skin infections were isolated during this study. Non dermatophyte isolates included 5 isolates from Aspergillus spp. 4 isolates from Acremonium potronii and 15 isolates from Candida spp. M. canis were the most common species (25% of isolated dermatophytes). Out of the 52 dermatophyte isolates identified by conventional methods, there were 45 isolates identified by the molecular method.The results concluded that approximately M. canis caused a quarter of dermatophyte cases, tinea capitis infection was prevalent and the molecular method was more accurate than conventional methods.
Dermatophyte
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum
Tinea Capitis
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This is an attempt to find the species prevalence of various dermatophytes in patients with dermatophytosis in our hospital in Baroda.Two hundred and sixty clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis were subjected to mycological studies.One hundred and fifty seven cases (60.38%) were positive for fungus in direct microscopy while 116 (44.62%) were culture positive. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical presentation followed by tinea cruris. Young adults in the age group of 16-30 yrs were mainly affected. The male to female ratio was 1.57:1. Trichophyton rubrum (73.27%) was the most common isolate, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.24%), Epidermophyton floccosum (7.75%) and Trichophyton violaceum (1.72%).Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant fungus found in this area of Gujarat, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton violaceum.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Dermatophyte
Tinea Capitis
Microsporum
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Objective To test the susceptibility of clinical isolates of dermatophyte to four antifungal drugs with CLSI M38-A,and to evatluate its feasibility testing.Methods Modified M38-A protocol was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values of Econazole,Itraconazole Terbinafine and Voriconazole to all 31 isolates of dermatophyte,including 14 Trichophyton rubrum isolates,14 Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates,1 Microsporum canis isolate,1 Epidermophyton floccosum isolate,and 1 Microsporum ferrugineum isolate.Results There were no significant differences in the susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes to the drugs tested.While the MICs of Microsporum canis,Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum ferrugineum to any of the four drugs were higher than those of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.Conclusion These data suggested that the modified M38-A protocol was reliable for antifungal susceptibility test of dermatophytes.
Epidermophyton floccosum
Dermatophyte
Microsporum
Terbinafine
Econazole
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Citations (1)