Writing 3D photonic structures in polymethyl methacrylate films and optical fibres using 400 nm Femtosecond laser.
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Polymethyl methacrylate
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We present a controllable fabrication of nanogratings and nanosquares on the surface of ZnO crystal in water based on femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The formation of nanogrooves depends on both laser fluence and writing speed. A single groove with width less than 40 nm and double grooves with distance of 150 nm have been produced by manipulating 800 nm femtosecond laser fluence. Nanogratings with period of 150 nm, 300 nm and 1000 nm, and nanosquares with dimensions of 150 × 150 nm2 were fabricated by using this direct femtosecond laser writing technique.
Groove (engineering)
Crystal (programming language)
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Polymethyl methacrylate
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We present results for the production and characterization of structural modifications of composites containing elongated silver nanoparticles embedded in silica, using femtosecond laser pulses. Direct writing of patterns in such composites was achieved using a scanning nonlinear optical microscopy system. Writing was achieved by running the laser at high pulse energy, and characterization was performed using second harmonic generation, and running the microscope at lower energies. Results for both the writing and characterization are presented and discussed.
Characterization
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Femtosecond laser patterning of octadecylsiloxane monolayers on quartz glass at λ=800nm, τ<30fs, and ambient conditions has been investigated. Selective decomposition of the coating with single laser pulses at subwavelength resolution can be carried out over a wide range of fluences from 4.2 down to 3.1J∕cm2. In particular, at a 1∕e laser spot diameter of 1.8μm, structures with a width down to 250nm and below were fabricated. This opens up a facile route towards laser fabrication of transparent templates with chemical structures down into the sub-100-nm-regime.
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Properties and applications of self-assembled sub-wavelength structures and related form birefringence produced by femtosecond laser writing in silica glass are reviewed.
Silica glass
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By use of femtosecond laser pulses, waveguide writing in transparent materials has attracted much interest. We present the fabrication of waveguide devices inside bulk PMMA. Symmetric waveguides can be fabricated by using a slit beam shaping method.
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There is currently great interest in writing photonic structures into polymers, and femtosecond (fs) lasers can fabricate micronsized, 3-D, permanent refractive index structures in transparent media for photonic devices, but work to date has been carried out in glasses. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or perspex is a polymeric transparent material exploited in integrated optics, microfluidics and polymer optoelectronics due to its low processing temperature, biocompatibility and ease of injection moulding and extrusion. Pulse duration, which has to date received little attention in material modification below the ablation threshold, is shown to be important for efficient modification of poly (methyl methacrylate) and writing conditions determined by wavelength and pulse length and the associated photochemistry for refractive index modification were investigated. Refractive index modification of pure PMMA is investigated as a function of pulse duration using femtosecond lasers at 800 and 387 nm wavelength. At 800 nm, the refractive index is modified more efficiently as the pulse duration decreases below 100 fs, whereas at 387 nm, efficient index modification is accomplished with longer, 180 fs pulses. It is suggested that three- and two-photon absorption mechanisms are responsible for modification of pure PMMA at 800 nm and 387 nm, respectively. Repeated irradiation using short pulses at low laser fluence, facilitate photo-modification control via incubation, reducing bulk damage. The paper concludes that efficient fs laser modification relies on a suitable combination of laser pulse duration and wavelength in relation to the material bandgap.
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