Induction and Purification of C. difficile Phage Tail-Like Particles
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Phage therapy
Bacterial virus
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of phage, and summarized the phage application in China, including in mammals, ovipara, aquatilia, and human clinical treatment. The data showed that phage had a good therapeutic effect on drug-resistant bacteria in veterinary fields, as well as in the clinical treatment of humans. However, we need to take more consideration of the narrow lysis spectrum, the immune response, the issues of storage, and the pharmacokinetics of phages. Due to the particularity of bacteriophage as a bacterial virus, there is no unified standard or regulation for the use of bacteriophage in the world at present, which hinders the application of bacteriophage as a substitute for antibiotic biological products. We aimed to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy as well as the challenges that China faces in reducing its reliance on antibiotics.
Phage therapy
Flora
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Bacteriophages are bacterio-specific viruses that constitute the main portion of the environment. Bacteriophages inject their genome into the targeted bacterial cells and some of them can disrupt the metabolism of bacteria and cause bacterial cell disintegration. The application of bacteriophages to kill bacteria is known as bacteriophage therapy. Since bacteriophages target bacteria and are strain-specific, every bacteriophage/bacterial host pair is unique. They are believed to cause no harm to humans. An additional advantage of the strain-specific nature of bacteriophages is that they do not disrupt the beneficial natural flora in the body. Bacteriophage therapy in the West is not a recognized medicine at this time, and no products are registered. Some clinicians are turning to bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. Lack of adverse effects makes bacteriophage therapy ideal for use. Funding research, media attention, and the increased publication of articles helped in a widespread understanding of its therapeutic potential. The first prerequisite for the use of bacteriophage therapy is simply the availability of bacteriophages for treatment, which is often complicated at this stage of bacteriophage production. This includes providing access to all biologically active bacteriophages against the bacterial isolate of the patient and meeting regulatory criteria of purity, traceability, and characterization. A monophage preparation, which is a single bacteriophage, or a phage cocktail, which consists of a number of combined bacteriophages against one or more bacterial species may be used. Accordingly, the antibiotic resistance crisis brought back bacteriophage therapy as a potential complementary or alternative treatment. Bacteriophages are promising cheap antibacterials.
Phage therapy
Bacterial virus
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Bacteriophage is the most abundant bacterial virus in nature.As the natural bacterium killer,it displays exceptionally more advantages than antibiotics to the treatment of bacterial infections especially multi-drug resistant bacterium.The historical and updated research progress in the treatment of bacterial infections employing live bacteriophage and bacteriophage-derived lysin was summarized.The major obstacles in phage therapy and some feasible resolutions were discussed.It is expected that phage therapy will attract renewed interest increasingly and will play more important role in the coming post-antibiotic era.
Phage therapy
Lysin
Bacterial virus
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Phage therapy
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Lysin
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Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria and archaea. Many phage species cause infections which lead to the certain death of the infected prokaryotic host cell and the release of a large batch of phage progeny, yet they have been able to stably coexist with their bacterial hosts over the eons in nature, as well as in the majority of laboratory experiments reported in the literature. This possibility of a stable coexistence between populations of bacteria and bacteriophages can be suspected to critically reduce the chances of a successful therapeutic application of bacteriophages for combatting pathogenic bacterial infections in vivo. Here, we extend an established differential equation model describing the interaction of bacteria, bacteriophages, and the host immune system, modelling different degrees of spatial heterogeneity of the host organism by introducing a scaling parameter which alters the encounter rates of the different cell populations. We demonstrate by rigorous mathematical analysis that, depending on the degree of spatial heterogeneity, the system will either converge to the desired state of bacterial and phage extinction, to a state of persisting bacterial infection with a completely eliminated bacteriophage population or to an equally undesirable state of a stable long-term bacteria-bacteriophage coexistence. We additionally provide numerical solutions of the model to illustrate the emerging dynamics and discuss some implications for bacteriophage therapy.
Lytic cycle
Phage therapy
Lysogenic cycle
Bacterial virus
Lysin
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Bacteriophage therapy had been considered as an effective way for bacterial infection treat-ment for a long time.The research was started in the beginning of twenty century,but discontinued in America and Western Europe with the advent of antibiotics.Recently,scientists started to re-evaluate the bacteriophage therapy due to the worldwide bacteria resistance and found the great potential of phage-based prophylaxis and therapy of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.This paper reviews the history of bacteriophage therapy and the application in the treatment of human and animal bacterial in-fection,compares the difference between bacteriophage and antibiotics therapy and also discusses the existing problems and the future development of this technique.
Phage therapy
Antibiotic Therapy
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Agarose gel electrophoresis of the following was performed in 0.05 M sodium phosphate-0.001 M MgCl2 (pH 7.4): (i) bacteriophage T7; (ii) a T7 precursor capsid (capsid I), isolated from T7-infected Escherichia coli, which has a thicker and less angular envelope than bacteriophage T7; (iii) a second capsid (capsid II), isolated from T7-infected E. coli, which has a bacteriophage-like envelope; and (iv) capsids (capsid IV) produced by temperature shock of bacteriophage T7. Bacteriophage T7 and all of the above capsids migrated towards the anode. In a 0.9% agarose gel, capsid I had an electrophoretic mobility of 9.1 +/- 0.4 X 10(-5) cm2/V.s; bacteriophage T7 migrated 0.31 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The mobilities of different preparations of capsid II varied in such gels: the fastest-migrating capsid II preparation was 0.51 +/- 0.03 times as fast as capsid I and the slowest was 0.37 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. Capsid IV with and without the phage tail migrated 0.29 +/- 0.02 and 0.42 +/- 0.02 times as fast as capsid I. The results of the extrapolation of bacteriophage and capsid mobilities to 0% agarose concentration indicated that the above differences in mobility are caused by differences in average surface charge density. To increase the accuracy of mobility comparisons and to increase the number of samples that could be simultaneously analyzed, multisample horizontal slab gels were used. Treatment with the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate converted capsid I to a capsid that migated in the capsid II region during electrophoresis through agarose gels. In the electron microscope, most of the envelopes of these latter capsids resembled the capsid II envelope, but some envelope regions were thicker than the capsid II envelope.
Agarose
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
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▪ Abstract In 1917, bacteriophages were recognized as epizootic infections of bacteria and were almost immediately deployed for antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis. The early trials of bacteriophage therapy for infectious diseases were confounded, however, because the biological nature of bacteriophage was poorly understood. The early literature reviewed here indicates that there are good reasons to believe that phage therapy can be effective in some circumstances. The advent of antibiotics, together with the “Soviet taint” acquired by phage therapy in the postwar period, resulted in the absence of rigorous evaluations of phage therapy until very recently. Recent laboratory and animal studies, exploiting current understandings of phage biology, suggest that phages may be useful as antibacterial agents in certain conditions.
Phage therapy
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Sequence (biology)
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Myoviridae
Cryo-Electron Microscopy
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