Humoral and cytokine responses in giant groupers after vaccination and challenge with betanodavirus
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This study investigated the effects of low salinity on growth, survival, and stress response in longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, and the hybrid grouper resulting from crossing E. bruneus females and E. lanceolatus males. There were no significant differences in the hybrids for any of the above growth values among different salinity groups, however the percent weight gain was significantly lower in the 8 Practical Salinity Unit (psu) group than in the other salinity groups. As for survival, only longtooth grouper in the group reared at 8 psu died. The plasma cortisol levels tended to increase at lower salinities in both the longtooth grouper and the hybrids. Plasma Na+, K+, Cl– concentrations in the hybrid were not significantly different among the salinity groups, while Na+ and Cl– concentrations in the longtooth grouper were significantly lower in the 8 psu group than in the other treatments. The above results indicate that both the longtooth grouper and the hybrid grouper juveniles were highly adaptable to variations in salinity. The optimal salinity for rearing longtooth grouper was found to be 24 psu, while the hybrids had a larger tolerance range of 16-32 psu. Results therefore showed that the hybrid grouper has a higher tolerance than the longtooth grouper for low salinity.
Epinephelus
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It has been suggested that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) acts not only by direct toxicity, but also as a proximal mediator which is able to induce the production of other cytokines, especially interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta). In order to test the dependence of the release of these two cytokines from leukocytes upon induction by TNF alpha, we stimulated whole blood in vitro with TNF alpha and compared the cytokine levels with those induced by endotoxin. The cytokine release was also determined after stimulation by endotoxin with added TNF alpha and by endotoxin with monoclonal antibodies against TNF alpha (anti-TNF alpha) added in order to reduce TNF alpha. Unstimulated blood samples were used as controls. The plasma levels of both IL-6 and IL-1 beta were significantly higher after stimulation with endotoxin than after stimulation with TNF alpha. TNF alpha did not induce cytokine levels significantly higher than controls. The cytokine levels were the same whether or not anti-TNF alpha was included together with the endotoxin. Plasma from samples with added anti-TNF alpha had no detectable TNF alpha. Our results indicate that the leukocyte-derived production of IL-6 and IL-1 beta in whole blood is stimulated directly by endotoxin and is not mediated by TNF alpha.
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Abstract We have applied an immunostick colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay for the rapid authentication of grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) fillets in the fish market. An indirect ELISA has been assayed by using a monoclonal antibody (3D12) developed previously in another work. In this study, 52 commercial fish fillets samples collected from local markets and supermarkets, which were labelled as grouper, have been analysed by this methodology; only 14 samples were confirmed to be grouper. The simplicity of the procedure and the short time required for the analysis make it suitable for a screening test of a large number of samples and it can be made into a field test for fish processors and inspectors to be used on site.
Epinephelus
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In this study, we investigated safety and efficacy of a low temperature immunization protocol with NNV in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara and long tooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus and seven band grouper, Hyporthodus septemfasciatus. Further, growth rate between immunized and naive fish was evaluated during the experiment to check side effect of immunization. Three grouper species were immunized by immersion method with live NNV at 105.0 TCID50/mL at 16.5˚C for 30 min and reared for 120 days at natural sea water temperature. To evaluate growth rate, total length and wet weight was measured 7 times after immunization. Immunized three grouper species were challenged by intramuscular inoculation with NNV at 104.2 TCID50/100 μL/fish. Immunization at low temperature with live NNV did not show any clinical symptoms of infection, mortality and inhibition of growth. After challenge, cumulative mortality of naive seven band grouper, red spotted grouper, long tooth grouper were 45, 10, 20 %, respectively. However no mortality was observed at immunized groupers. Thus, it was demonstrated that immunization at low temperature with live NNV are able to protect three different species of groupers without inhibition of growth.
Epinephelus
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The aim of the study was to develop rapid, precise and species-specific method of the identification of three grouper species (Red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara; Longtooth grouper, E. bruneus; Seven-band grouper, E. septemfasciatus), by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mediated molecular method. A common forward primer and three different species-specific primers were designed for all the three species from the fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. The species-specific amplification patterns showed three different bands of basepair length of had 344 bp (Red-spotted grouper), 262 bp (Longtooth grouper), and 130 bp (Seven-band grouper) which were available in the DNA samples isolated from each verified species, unknown collections, and even in mixed processed samples. Thus PCR assay provides reliable, simple, easy and low cost method for species identification of these three species of groupers.
Epinephelus
Primer (cosmetics)
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The wild grouper fingerling have provided the important seed source for the development of commercial fish farming. Among the wild grouper fingerling collected in the Thi Nai lagoon, Quy Nhon bay (Binh Dinh) and Cu Mong lagoon (Phu Yen), 7 species of grouper have been identified as Banded grouper (Epinephelus amblycephalus), Yellow grouper (E. awoara), Longtooth grouper (E. bruneus), Malabar grouper (E. malabaricus), Sixbar grouper (E. sexfasciatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) and grouper (Epinephelus sp.); in which three species of Longtooth grouper, Malabar grouper and Orange-spotted grouper were endangered in Red List Categories & Criteria of IUCN as VU and NT. The Malabar grouper seed makes up a high proportion of over 30%. The total length of the juveniles is different between species, ranging from an average of 25.0 mm to 116.82 mm; Orange-spotted grouper is 112.48 mm in total length; four grouper species Banded grouper, Yellow grouper, Longtooth grouper and Malabar grouper are longer than 30 mm in total length with 31.96, 32.23, 33.78 and 33.86 mm respectively. The Sixbar grouper and grouper (Epinephelus sp.) are smaller than 30 mm. The catching of grouper fingerling is distributed in wide area, along the bank, mangroves in the lagoon, along the western shore of the Quy Nhon bay, from Ghenh Rang to the southern part of the coast and along the Cu Mong lagoon (from south to southwest). The production of grouper seed fluctuates irregularly, 3 - 4 million seeds per year for highest yields, alternating with very low yields. The protection of nursing grounds is necessary with the solution of selective catching and limiting artisanal fishing.
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Abstract The Western Dry Rocks (WDR) area off Key West, Florida, is an open fishing area that contains a multispecies fish spawning aggregation site, but grouper spawning there has yet to be confirmed. The movements of 18 adult and subadult grouper at WDR were tracked using acoustic telemetry to determine how this area is used by grouper species and whether it contains a grouper spawning aggregation site. Tagged fish consisted of 10 Black Grouper Mycteroperca bonaci , 5 Nassau Grouper Epinephelus striatus , 2 Gag M. microlepis , and 1 Yellowfin Grouper M. venenosa . Overall, tagged grouper were more likely to be present in the WDR array during winter spawning months, with species‐specific seasonal differences. Our results indicated that grouper presence increased during spawning months, although some adults and subadults were present year‐round. Grouper made more movements per day during non‐spawning months compared to spawning months, although the north side of WDR was the most heavily used area, regardless of the time of year. Additionally, spatial graphs of grouper movement suggested that different grouper species utilized different areas of WDR. Increased presence of grouper during spawning months suggests that the WDR area may contain a grouper spawning aggregation site, which would mean that fish species aggregate to spawn at this location year‐round. The success of the Florida Keys fisheries critically depends on the protection of multispecies spawning aggregations like that potentially contained at WDR.
Epinephelus
Spawn (biology)
Serranidae
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The occurrence of mass mortality of Hybrid Groupers (Epinephelus sp.) in City of Grouper, Situbondo Regency hurts local and national grouper production which has resulted in the decline of grouper production. During the period February 2018 - April 2018 there was high mortality in Hybrid Grouper cultivation. This study identified the cause of mortality Hybrid Grouper. Fish samples obtained from 8 hatcheries in the City of Grouper area; each hatchery was taken as a sample of healthy-looking fish, sick symptoms of fish, and freshly death fish and samples were observed in clinical symptoms, histology, and RT-PCR to confirm the pathogen causing death Hybrid Grouper. The results of the analysis show that the body colour is dark, the tail fin starts to wriggle, swim on the surface of the water in reverse, weak movements, appetite decreases drastically, and the stomach looks enlarged, histological analysis shows vacuolation in the eye and brain organs, and analysis nested RT-PCR also shows the visible band 294 bp. This study shows that the cause of mass mortality Hybrid Groupers in City of Grouper was caused by attacks of viral nervous necrosis (VNN).
Epinephelus
Hatchery
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Epinephelus
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Serranidae
Epinephelus
Mercury
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