Ammonia Volatilization from Urea and an Experimental Triazone Fertilizer
15
Citation
0
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Abstract Urea, a major source of N fertilizer for turfgrass, is susceptible to ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization when applied to the surface of turf (4) and soil (3). Urea hydrolyzes in the presence of urease and water to form ammonium ( and, in the process, raises soil pH (3). As a result, a portion of the formed can then be converted to gaseous NH 3 , part of which can volatilize into the atmosphere. Under certain environmental conditions, significant N loss may result (1).Keywords:
Volatilisation
Studies on the characteristic of ammonia volatilization in soil surface applied urea,compound fertilizer,coated urea and coated compound fertilizer by the enclosure method.The results indicated that ammonia volatilization characteristic of secondary processing urea were different:(1)9.2%,10.4%,7.6%,9.3% of total applied N were volatilized when urea,compound fertilizer,coated urea and coated compound fertilizer were applied.(2)The amount of ammonia volatilization of compound fertilizer was 12.9% higher than that of urea.(3)Coated urea ammonia volatilization was 17.9% lower than urea.(4)The amount ammonia volatilization of compound fertilizer were close to than that of urea.Though coated compound fertilizer ammonia volatilization was 15.6% lower than that of urea in the 25 day after surface applied,20.7% higher than of urea in the last 25 day.(5)The ammonia volatilization characteristic of secondary processing urea was need further studies with its production process.
Volatilisation
Cite
Citations (0)
ABSTRACT Work in the United States of America has shown that dietary supplements of nickel (Ni) can result in an increase in rumen urease activity and can increase growth rate and food conversion efficiency in lambs and steers given low protein diets. It has been suggested that Ni enhances urea recycling through its effect on urease activity. To examine this hypothesis, four sheep were given a high-energy, lowprotein diet with or without a supplement of 5 mg/day Ni, given as NiCl2.6H2O by continuous infusion into the rumen. Urea irreversible loss rate (ILR) and pool size were measured by means of a single intravenous injection of 14C-urea. The addition of Ni resulted in a significant increase in rumen urease activity ( P < 0·05) but there was no significant effect on urea ILR, urea pool size, urinary urea excretion or on the quantity of urea recycled to the gastro-intestinal tract. Ni also had no effect on plasma urea or rumen ammonia concentrations, on diet digestibility or on nitrogen retention. It is concluded that the enhancement of urease activity by supplementary Ni conferred no nutritional advantage to the sheep.
Cite
Citations (9)
Abstract Granules of 15 N‐labelled urea (150 kg N ha −1 ), with or without the urease inhibitor hydroquinone, were broadcast on to small plots of winter oilseed rape in March. Ammonia volatilisation losses were estimated by a 15 N balance procedure in which the amount of 15 N in the plants, plus that in the soil to 70 cm depth, was determined 18 days after urea application. All the urea‐N was recovered in soil and plants from plots given either urea alone or urea plus hydroquinone; hence there was no volatilisation of ammonia. Although the soil pH was high enough (7.7 to 8.0) for ammonia loss, this did not occur because the soil was too cold, too wet and had a high cation exchange capacity.
Volatilisation
Hydroquinone
Cite
Citations (4)
Recent work in our laboratory showed that the adverse effect of urea fertilizer on seed germination and seedling growth in soil is due to ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease (NH 2 CONH 2 + H 2 O → 2NH 3 + CO 2 ) and can be eliminated by amending the fertilizer with a small amount of a urease inhibitor such as phenylphosphorodiamidate. Because the leaf-tip necrosis often observed after foliar fertilization of plants with urea is usually attributed to ammonia formed through hydrolysis of urea by plant urease, we studied the possibility that this necrosis could be eliminated or reduced by adding phenylphosphorodiamidate to the urea fertilizer. We found that, although addition of this urease inhibitor to foliar-applied urea increased the urea content and decreased the ammonia content and urease activity of soybean [ Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] leaves fertilized with urea, it increased the leaf-tip necrosis observed after fertilization. We conclude that this necrosis resulted from accumulation of toxic amounts of urea rather than from formation of toxic amounts of ammonia. This conclusion was supported by our finding that the necrotic areas of soybean leaves treated with urea or with urea and phenylphosphorodiamidate contained much higher concentrations of urea than did the nonnecrotic areas.
Phytotoxicity
Cite
Citations (116)
Cite
Citations (0)
In studying the mechanism of urease action, it would be of interest to find a derivative of urea that would be hydrolyzed in the presence of urease. Urease is very specific in its action and urea appears to be its only substrate. Closely related compounds such as amides or purines as well as simple derivatives of urea are not attacked by this enzyme. Armstrong and Horton found that substitution in the urea molecule with methyl or ethyl groups invariably rendered the substituted urea inaccessible to urease. Schoorl synthesized glucose-urea, in which one molecule of urea was united with one molecule of the sugar. This compound is very soluble in water and is stable in solution. When heated with acid it undergoes hydrolysis with the formation of -glucose and urea. Johnson and Bergmann, in their recent researches on nitrogenous glucosides have prepared glucose urea, and Dr. Johnson generously placed at our disposal a very pure sample of glucose urea for investigation. We have studied the action of urease on this urea derivative. Jack bean urease was found to have no ability to decompose glucose urea. There was no ammonia production in 10 minutes when urease was added to 0.2 M solutions of this compound. However, if glucose-urea was hydrolyzed by acid prior to the addition of urease, ammonia production occurred at a rate comparable to that observed when a 0.2 M solution of urea and glucose was exposed to urease. The results (Table I) clearly demonstrate that the inability of urease to split glucose urea must be ascribed to the chemical make-up of the compound and cannot be the result of the presence, in the preparation, of substances that inactivate the enzyme.
Cite
Citations (0)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the N losses due to volatilization at different rates of common urea, polymer coated urea and urease inhibitor-treated urea in the out-of-season corn, using semi-open static collectors. The treatments consisted of N levels on side-dressing fertilization with urea in different treatments: (a) control (without N), (b) urea 40 kg ha-1 N, (c) urea 80 kg ha-1 N, (d) polymer coated urea 40 kg ha-1 N, (e) polymer coated urea 80 kg ha-1 N and (f) urea with the urease inhibitor (UI) N 80 kg ha-1 N. The results showed that the treatments with polymer coated urea and with urease inhibitor-treated urea reduced the volatilization of N around 50 % compared to common urea, either in the first and the second N side-dressing fertilizations. Thus, they demonstrate that the polymer coat and the urease inhibitors were effective in reducing the volatilization of urea N applied in coverage, which resulted in higher productivity. There was also increasing urease activity in the treatments with application of common urea.
Coated urea
Volatilisation
Cite
Citations (92)
Soil incubation under 25℃ was applied to study the ammonia volatilization and soil urease activity of normal urea and value-added urea which was manufactured by melted urea with different organic synergists.The results showed that the value-added urea F-5 and H-5 decreased the accumulation of ammonia volatilization by 15.2% and 13.3% compared to the normal urea.The peak of ammonia volatilization was deferred by the treatment F-5 and the peak value was brought down by the two treatments whose variation curves were relatively stable.The treatment F-5 and H-5 could inhibit the soil urease activity and prolong the release time of urea.Compared with normal urea,the effects of F and H value-added urea on the ammonia volatilization reduction and the soil urease activity inhibition were significant.
Volatilisation
Cite
Citations (1)
A urea electrode using an ammonium ion-selective electrode with an immobilised urease membrane is described. The measurement of blood urea was carried out accurately without any pre-treatment of the samples. A conversion equation related to haematocrit was derived, which made it possible to determine plasma urea concentration from whole blood urea concentration. Rapid determinations of plasma urea concentrations were also made possible.
Ion selective electrode
Cite
Citations (35)
The hydrolysis rate of urea in soil is controlled by many factors such as urease activity,the current control of the effective conversion of urea hydrolysis technical measures have added urease inhibitor,nitrification inhibitors,as well as surface film coated urea technology applications.The author coated urea technology applications from the summer corn and the increased application of urea,and other aspects of nitrogen use efficiency.
Coated urea
Cite
Citations (0)