Vehicles of the Future: A Survey of Research on Safety Issues
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Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have a profound impact on the current state and envisioned future of automobiles. This paper presents an overview of research on ICT-based support and assistance services for the safety of future connected vehicles. A general classification and a brief description of the focus areas for research and development in this direction are given under the titles of vehicle detection, road detection, lane detection, pedestrian detection, drowsiness detection, and collision avoidance. Following an overview and taxonomy of the reviewed research articles, a categorized literature survey of safety critical applications is presented in detail. Future research directions are also highlighted.Roundabouts are becoming a more common type of intersection in Canada. A roundabout traditionally has no traffic control device such as traffic signals allocating the right-of-way between motorists and pedestrians. The pedestrian must decide when it is safe to step into the crosswalk and cross at a roundabout and the motorist must adjust their behaviour appropriately as they encounter waiting or crossing pedestrians. This paper examines the pedestrian/vehicle collision patterns at roundabouts from several municipalities in Ontario, compared to signalized intersections with similar vehicular and pedestrian volumes. The paper develops a method to calculate pedestrian collision rates. It then identifies the pedestrian collision rates, the severity of the collisions, collision characteristics including background conditions and driver and pedestrian characteristics, implications with respect to human factors, and recommended improvements to data collection for pedestrian/vehicle collisions in roundabouts and at signalized intersections. (A) For the covering abstract of this conference see ITRD record number 201310RT334E.
Schema crosswalk
Roundabout
Pedestrian crossing
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Pedestrians are participants and, most likely, fatalities in every third road traffic accident in Poland. Over 30% of all fatalities on Polish roads are pedestrians. Accidents with pedestrians are very often the result of various factors related to the infrastructure and behaviour of pedestrians and drivers. The objective of the work was to assess driver and pedestrian behaviour in pedestrian crossing areas. The research also served as a pilot study for similar work to be conducted across Poland, and constituted the basis for monitoring the behaviour of road users in the area of pedestrian crossings. Parameters which must be analysed were identified on the basis of field studies. Principles of selecting test sites were adopted, and measurement methods for pedestrian crossing areas are presented. The influence of the location of the selected test cross-section infrastructure parameters on the behaviour of road users in pedestrian crossing areas is demonstrated. The results of the study will be used as a basis for new solutions involving pedestrian crossing infrastructure designed to improve pedestrian safety. The results were also used in formulating new regulations for the design and maintenance of pedestrian crossings and recommendations for road safety auditors.
Pedestrian crossing
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The safety of pedestrians on pedestrian crossings leaves much to be desired. The position of the pedestrian is determined by car traffic. The Pedestrian Council started in 1996 a large study into the freedom of mobility and safety for pedestrians on crossing locations near shopping centres with much vehicle traffic and much pedestrians. This report is a pilot study with the aim to develop an interview and a set of criteria by which the Pedestrian Council can study the freedom of mobility and the safety on pedestrian crossings. The method by which the position of the pedestrian can be determined, is executed on ten pedestrian crossings in five different municipalities. The test was aimed to get an insight into the freedom of mobility and safety of pedestrians and in how far the interests and needs of the pedestrian have played a role in the design of the crossing. Recommendations are presented for local authorities for the improvement of pedestrian crossings.
Position (finance)
Pedestrian crossing
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Pedestrian bridge design affects the behavior of the pedestrian,including the passing time,the passing flow,probability of pedestrian violation,etc.Based on the field investigation of two different types of pedestrian bridge,this paper analyzes the influence which the design of pedestrian bridge exerts on the pedestrian traffic.This paper also analyzes how the design of pedestrian bridge influences passing time,passing flow,probability of pedestrian violation and provides an important reference for pedestrian bridge designing.
Bridge (graph theory)
Pedestrian crossing
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In these days, pedestrian safety and convenience are emphasized and valued. People are also increasingly concerned about the pedestrian environment. Pedestrian is one of the important elements of the urban transportation system and has close connection with various means of transportation. Public transportation facilities such as bus stops and subway stations are mainly installed around sidewalks adjacent to roads to ensure the convenience of users’ movement. In particular, subway stations are important spaces in which pedestrians’ passages generated from spaces for various purposes cross in various purposes and directions. The surrounding population is dense and the pedestrian environment is relatively complex. The purpose of this study is to examine the various arrangement types and characteristics of the underground entrances of subway stations located in the pilot area of the pedestrian environment improvement district based on the evaluation index of pedestrian environment, and to evaluate the surrounding pedestrian environment. In addition, We also present the issues that need to be considered in order to establish a comfortable and attractive pedestrian environment that will be pursued in the “Pedestrian City Seoul” plan to be carried out in the future, as well as a plan for activation.
Master plan
Subway station
City environment
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NCHRP Project 3-70, Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets, is developing and testing a framework and enhanced methods for determining levels of service for the automobile, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian modes on urban streets. The proposed pedestrian level-of-service (LOS) model for arterials developed as part of NCHRP Project 3-70 is presented. This effort represents a progressive shift in evaluating the quality of service from a provider-based measure (how many vehicles or pedestrians can be moved and how fast) to a user-based measure (how well do drivers and pedestrians believe the facility meets their needs). To obtain feedback from potential pedestrian facility users, data for the model were obtained from participants in video simulation laboratories. The proposed model consists of a pedestrian density LOS and a pedestrian nondensity LOS. The density LOS is computed according to the methods provided in the Highway Capacity Manual. The nondensity LOS is a function of the pedestrian LOS of roadway segments, the pedestrian LOS of intersections, and the roadway crossing difficulty factor.
Highway Capacity Manual
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Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Model is computer simulation model of pedestrian movement where every pedestrian in the model is treated as individual. Most of pedestrian researches have been done on macroscopic level, which does not consider the interaction between pedestrians and does not well suited for prediction of pedestrian flow performance in pedestrian areas or building with some objects that reduce the effective width of it. In the other hand, microscopic level has more general usage and considers detail of the design. Tough the analytical model for microscopic pedestrian model is existed exist, the numerical solution of the model is very difficult and simulation is favorable. The model has practical application of Evacuation from building, Design of pedestrian area, and Experimental & Optimization Design Tool. In general, Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Model consist of two terms, that make the pedestrian moving toward the destination and make repulsive effect toward other pedestrian or obstacles.
Simulation Modeling
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The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted a study in 2012 to determine the environmental factors that influence where pedestrians cross the road. Pedestrian deaths account for over 14% of fatalities in roadway crashes. The study looked at risky crossings, such as during the “don’t walk” signal phase or outside marked crossings. FHWA researchers observed, coded, and analyzed the location, time, and other circumstances of pedestrian crossings at 20 locations in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. The results of the study helped FHWA to develop a model to predict pedestrian behavior, which will help to design crossings that will increase safety.
Pedestrian crossing
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On the basis of a census of pedestrian crossings on federal highways (marked with warning signs or flashing yellow beacons and controlled by light signals) in lower Austria the number and distribution of pedestrian crossings was examined in relation to various criteria (density of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and road width). Thus the practical effect of applying the various guidelines for assessing the necessity for the provision of pedestrian crossings could be reviewed. For this purpose the guidelines used in Austria and the various threshold values are compared. It was found, that by using the guidelines produced in the office of the government of lower Austria a marked reduction in the number of newly constructed pedestrian crossings was achieved especially in those areas where due to the low traffic density there is ample opportunity for danger-free crossing of the highway by pedestrians. This is to be welcomed from a traffic technological viewpoint, because the concentration of drivers is doubtless impaired to such an extent by an excessive frequency of pedestrian crossings so as to endanger pedestrian traffic. (TRRL)
Beacon
Pedestrian crossing
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