Long working hours and overweight and obesity in working adults
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Previous studies have identified a link between gender and the various risk factors associated with obesity. We examined obesity risk factors in working adults to identify the effects of differences in body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) between women and men.A total of 1,120 adults agreed to participate in the study. Data from 711 participants, including 411 women and 300 men, were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of risk factors on obesity and being overweight. In addition, the least-squares (LS) means of both BMI and PBF were estimated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in a generalized linear model.Increases in BMI and PBF were significantly related to an age > 50 years and long working hours in women after compensating for confounding factors. Using the PBF criterion, the odds ratio (OR) of being overweight or obese in women > 50 years of age who worked for > 9 h a day was 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-11.00). For BMI, women who were > 50 years of age and worked for > 9 h a day were 3.82 times (95% CI, 1.31-11.14) more likely to be overweight or obese than those who were < 50 years of age and worked for < 9 h a day.Obesity in working adults was associated with > 50 years of age and long working hours in women. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this relationship and its potential implications for the prevention and management of excess weight and obesity.Abstract Objective: The objective was to determine the prevalences of overweight and obesity in regional Australian children and to examine the association between BMI and indicators of socioeconomic status (SES). Research Methods and Procedures: Regionally representative cross‐sectional survey of 2184 children, 4 to 12 years of age, was conducted, and the socio‐demographic characteristics of their parents from regional Victoria, Australia, 2003 to 2004, were obtained. Results: The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 19.3 ± 0.8% (proportion ± standard error) and 7.6 ± 0.6%, respectively, using international criteria, and the proportion of overweight/obese girls was significantly higher than that of boys (29.6 ± 1.4% vs. 23.9 ± 1.3%, χ 2 = 9.01, p = 0.003). Children from households of lower SES had higher odds of being overweight/obese; lower SES was defined by lower paternal education (adjusted odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.30) and lower area‐level SES (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.25), adjusted for age, gender, height, and clustering by school. Discussion: The prevalences of overweight and obesity are increasing in Australian children by about one percentage point per year. This equates to ∼40,000 more overweight children each year, placing Australian children among those at highest risk around the world. In addition, girls are more likely to be overweight, and there is a general trend for children of lower SES to be at even greater risk of overweight and obesity.
Australian population
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Obesity is a global epidemic and has become a critical issue in Gulf countries such as Kuwait. The objective of this study is to assess the factors that are associated with overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti adult men. Weights and heights of a random sample of 464 men and their companions were collected to obtain body mass index (BMI). The overall levels of overweight and obesity were 48.5% and 19.8%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of significantly associated factors revealed that factors contributing to risk of overweight and obesity included increasing age, having an obese mother or brother(s) and/or other obese relatives, having a lower grade point average, not being physically active, and being in poor health. Having a higher income and feeling tired were risk factors for obesity only. Family history is an important predictor of overweight and obesity in Kuwaiti men; however, this study identified several modifiable factors. It is recommended that factors that contribute to the development of overweight and obesity in Kuwait be targeted with behavioral change and/or health education interventions.
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To estimate prevalence of overweight and obesity in apparently healthy children from five zones of India in the age group of 2 to 17 years and to examine trends in body mass index (BMI) during the last two decades with respect to published growth data.A multicentric study was conducted in eleven affluent urban schools from five geographical zones of India. A total of 20 243 children (1 823 - central zone, 2 092 - east zone, 5 526 - north zone, 3 357 - south zone, and 7 445 - west zone) in the age group of 2-17 years were studied. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated (kg/m(2)). WHO Anthro plus was used to calculate Z-scores for height, weight and BMI. A comparison between study population and previously available nationally representative (1989) data was performed for each age-sex group. International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and WHO cut-offs were used to calculate the percentage prevalence of overweight and obesity.The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 18.2% by the IOTF classification and 23.9% by the WHO standards. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in boys than girls. Mean BMI values were significantly higher than those reported in the 1989 data from 5-17 years at all ages and for both sexes.The rising trend of BMI in Indian children and adolescents observed in this multicentric study rings alarm bells in terms of associated adverse health consequences in adulthood.
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This is a study of the pattern of distribution of body mass index and prevalence of overweight and obesity among the population of different regions of Saudi Arabia. It is a cross-sectional population-based national epidemiological randomized household survey. There were 13,177 Saudi subjects, over the age of 15 years. The sample was representative and in accordance with the national population distribution with respect to age, gender, regional and residency population distribution. Height and weight were measured for all study population. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. WHO criteria was used for definition of overweight and obesity. The obesity/overweight (ob/ow) ratio was used to study the relation between prevalence of overweight and obesity. Mean BMI values for female subjects were significantly higher than for male subjects across all regions. Mean BMI values were highest at the fifth decade for male and female subjects in all regions. Mean and 90th percentile of BMI values of male and female subjects of the Eastern region across all age groups were higher than for other regions. There was a progressive increase in prevalence of overweight with age among male subjects; the highest prevalence was achieved in the age group 51-60 years across all the regions. The overall prevalence of overweight was higher among male subjects across all the regions. There was a progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity with age among male and female subjects. The highest was achieved in the age group of 41-50 years across all the regions. There was a regional variation with respect to the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi subjects. The prevalence of overweight was higher among male subjects across all the regions, while the prevalence of obesity was higher among female subjects across all the regions. A high prevalence of obesity was observed in most of the regions. Underlying factors such as lifestyle, nutritional habits, social and cultural beliefs and habits in different regions need to be studied. There is a need to establish a national control program for combating obesity and related complications.
Cross-sectional study
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The aim of this study was to investigate trends of body mass index (BMI) with age in westernizing Macau and to make comparisons with Australian data. A representative random sample (n = 1406, 18-93 years, 55% female) from Macau was recruited in 2012. The Australian sample was extracted from the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012 (n = 7958, 18 to ≥85 years, 52% female). BMI in Australians was greater than Macanese, mean difference 4.4 kg/m 2 ( P < .001). While BMI increases steadily with ageing in each population, the plateau for Macau subjects appears 5 to 10 years earlier than Australians. Prevalence of overweight/obesity in young Macanese adults (18-40 years) was 25% (men) and 22% (women), with the greatest increase in BMI from age 25 to 39 years and 24 to 45 years in men and women, respectively. BMI shifts in younger Macanese men and women, which may reflect emerging lifestyle and nutrition transitions, are a future population health concern in Macau.
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Overweight and obesity are increasingly contributing to disease burden among military populations. The purpose of this study was to calculate and examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the veteran population. Data were obtained from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Overweight (body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2) prevalence in veterans was 73.3% (SE, 0.4%) for males and 53.6% (SE 1.7%) for females. Obesity (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2) prevalence in veterans was 25.3% (SE, 0.4%) for males and 21.2% (SE, 1.4%) for females. After adjusting for sociodemographics and health status, veterans were no more likely to be overweight (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.11) or obese (odds ratio 0.99; confidence interval, 0.93-1.05) than nonveterans. Despite previous participation in a culture and environment that selects for and enforces body weight standards, veterans have a high prevalence of overweight and obesity that is similar to general population estimates.
Military medicine
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We assessed the 15-year trends in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of overweight in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean, African Region) and the relationship with socio-economic status (SES). Three population-based examination surveys were conducted in 1989, 1994 and 2004. Occupation was categorized as 'labourer', 'intermediate' or 'professional'. Education was also assessed in 1994 and 2004. Between 1989 and 2004, mean BMI increased markedly in all sex and age categories (overall: 0.16 kg m(-2) per calendar year, which corresponds to 0.46 kg per calendar year). The prevalence of overweight (including obesity, BMI >or= 25 kg m(-2)) increased from 29% to 52% in men and from 50% to 67% in women. The prevalence of obesity (BMI >or= 30 kg m(-2)) increased from 4% to 15% in men and from 23% to 34% in women. Overweight was associated inversely with occupation in women and directly in men in all surveys. In multivariate analysis, overweight was associated similarly (direction and magnitude) to occupation and education. In conclusion, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity over time in all age, sex and SES categories suggests large-scale changes in societal obesogenic factors. The sex-specific association of SES with overweight suggests that prevention measures should be tailored accordingly.
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This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children aged 12 to 14 years in the city of Mashhad, Iran and its association with parental body mass index.A total of 1189 secondary school children (579 males and 610 females) aged 12- 14 years old were selected through a stratified multistage random sampling. All adolescents were measured for weight and height. Household socio-demographic information and parental weight and height were self-reported by parents. Adolescents were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for age Z-score. Multivariable logistic Regression (MLR) determined the relationship between parental BMI and adolescent overweight and obesity.The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in Mashhad was 17.2% and 11.9%, respectively. A higher proportion of male (30.7%) than female (27.4%) children were overweight or obese. BMI of the children was significantly related to parental BMI (p<0.001), gender (p= 0.02), birth order (p<0.01), parents' education level (p<0.001), father's employment status (p<0.001), and family income (p<0.001). MLR showed that the father's BMI was significantly associated with male BMI (OR: 2.02) and female BMI (OR: 1.59), whereas the mother's BMI was significantly associated with female BMI only (OR: 0.514).The high prevalence of overweight/obesity among the research population compared with previous studies in Iran could be related to the changing lifestyle of the population. The strong relationship with parental BMI was probably related to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. Strategies to address childhood obesity should consider the interaction of these factors.目的：本横横断面研究调查了伊朗马什哈德市年龄在12-14 岁的中学生超重和肥胖情况，并分析与其父母身高体重指数的相关性。方法：采用分层多级随机抽 样1189 名年龄在12-14 岁的中学生(599 名男性，610 名女性)作为调查对象。所 有青少年均测量身高体重。父母提供家庭社会相关信息及自己的身高体重。青 少年们的超重和肥胖是根据年龄相关BMI 的Z-Score 区分的，采用多变量 logistic 回归法(MLR)分析父母BMI 与孩子超重或肥胖的关系。结果：在马什哈 德市中学生中，总的超重或肥胖率分别为17.2%和11.9%。其中男孩的超重或肥 胖率(30.7%) 高于女孩(27.4%) 。孩子的BMI 与父母BMI (p<0.001) 、性别 (p=0.02)、出生时体重(p<0.01)、父母受教育程度(p<0.01)、父亲的职业地位 (p<0.001)、以及家庭收入(p<0.001)都呈显著相关。MLR 分析还提示父亲的BMI 与男孩BMI (OR：2.02)及女孩BMI (OR：1.59)具有显著相关性，而母亲的BMI 则只与女孩BMI (OR：0.514)相关。结论：与之前的对伊朗人群的研究相比，本 研究结果显示超重/肥胖率有所升高，提示人们生活方式的改变。与父母BMI 的 显著相关性可能是由于遗传和生活方式的共同作用结果。在制定控制儿童肥胖 计划时，应当将这些因素的相互作用考虑进去。
Family income
Cross-sectional study
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To determine anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, BMI), and the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on BMI.A cross-sectional survey of 514 Bahraini native adults aged 30-79 years was selected from households using clustering sampling technique.Findings indicate that Bahraini adults were shorter but heavier, and have higher mean BMI than their Western counterparts, suggesting a trend to obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.2% and 21.2% for men, while that for women was 31% and 48.7%, respectively.The results of this study confirmed the data in other Arabian Gulf countries, as obesity is a major public health problem among the adult population. Anthropometrics provided in this study can be used as baseline data for the adult population of Bahrain.
Cross-sectional study
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