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Abstract This chapter details events following Semën Atarshchikov's arrival in St. Petersburg in May 1830. Atarshchikov was to spend the next seven months in the imperial capital. The novelty of life in the great city—the new places and acquaintances—must have thrilled the young man, who was discovering the city's seasonal cycles. In time, his life in the imperial capital settled into a routine. He was attached to the Personal Guard of His Imperial Majesty as part of the special cavalry unit from the North Caucasus, formally known as the Caucasus-Mountain Cavalry half-squadron, popularly referred to as the Circassian Guard. The unit was part of the imperial household and thus fell under the command of Count Alexander von Benckendorff, the notorious head of the Russian gendarmes. In the summer of 1832, he was ordered back to the North Caucasus, where his services were urgently needed in the region set ablaze by a new uprising against Russia.Keywords:
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The issue which considered that Anyang city and ye city are identical is faulty and the argument over it has also a long history. Ye city was built as early as period of chunchu. It was chaochao who firstly made it became the capital of the whole coantry. Since then. most danasties regard it as their capital . for example the danasty of hozhao. In 580. It was destroied with fire and become a ruin. With ye city being a capital. Anyang city had been existing for a long time and was located near the place where Today's Anyang city was situated. Based on arcaeological materials. It consider that not only in the later period of Yin danasty, but also in the early period of yin danasty, Anyang city had been the danasty's capital. They all have a period of time when one city belong to the other from the danasty of donghai on ,the place where Anyang City situated changed little. Ye city and Anyang city are both very famous for being capital but they have no common in place and period . moreover ,the two city have intact relation in history.
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During Edo-Era Mouri-Han had some palaces in Edo, the capital of Japan. Through the examination of historical materials on the palace at Atarashi-bashi in Edo, following results are ascertained; (1) The palace was built at first in 1699 and afterward rebuilt four times. (2) It was used as a residence of lord's family. (3) In 1731〜1771 it was similar to palaces in Hagi, the capital of Mouri-Han. (4) In 1771〜1772 it was similar to the palace of Mouri-Han at Sakurada in Edo.
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In 1370, Amir Temur was declared the ruler of Movarounnahr at the congress. Amir Temur set himself the goal of creating a centralized state in Central Asia and chose Samarkand as the capital. After Amir Temur came to power, Samarkand became the capital of his state. In 1371-72, the city defense wall was restored under his instructions. Samarkand was previously destroyed by the Mongols.
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The Correction of the Personages in Capital City and Its Environs of the Qing Dynasty compiled by Xu Shichang,etc.recorded the biographies of people in capital and neighboring (including city of Beijing and Tianjin,Hebei province and parts of Shandong province and Henan province)during Qing Dynasty.It is signified for its historical material in many aspects while bearing some inaccuracy.The paper published here corrected the errors about place names,personal names, imperial examinations,chronology etc.in the book based on the materials in the same book and others.So readers can be benefited from the corrections.
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According to historical documents,unearthed archaeological materials and folk legends,King Tang's Capital Bo(or Xibo)in Shang Dynasty is at Shang City in Yanshi Yiyin placed Taijia's Tonggong at the east of Shang City in Yanshi for about twenty li of the scale of Tang Dynasty.The upper extension of the Shang City in Zhengzhou (namely the first establishment time of the city walls )is later than Shang City in Yanshi,the bottom limit (the desertion time of the king's capital),because the three bronze wares pits valued national treasures have been discovered,which belong to the Baijiazhang Period in the upper layer of the Erligang Period,show that the desertion of the king's capital is after the Baijiazhang Period.Combined with historical documents,the Shang City in Zhengzhou should be Aodu where King Zhongding moved into. The so\|called the loss of the name “Zhengbo” and the acquisition of the name “Xibo” are not true according to the historic facts.
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고도(古都)는 옛 도읍으로서 한 나라의 수도 또는 도성을 의미한다. 익산에는 백제 말기 왕궁과 사찰, 왕릉, 산성 등 다른 어느 도시 보다 더 많은 유적이 남아 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 왕궁 주변에 도시가 확인되지 않았으며, 도시를 방어할 수 있는 도성(나성)이 없다는 이유를 들어 백제의 수도로 인정하지 않으려는 경향이 있다. 백제 고도 익산의 성격을 명확히 하기 위해서는 무엇 보다 먼저 백제 말기 도시와 도성의 확인이 요구된다. 이 글에서는 최근 왕궁리유적 주변에서 확인된 소규모 발굴 조사와 기 조사된 자료를 검토하여 백제 말기 도시의 존재 가능성과 도성의 범위에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 왕궁리유적과 미륵사지 주변의 유적 분포 상황과 함께 백제와 신라에서는 부여를 제외하고는 도성을 축조하지 않고 자연지형과 산성이 대신하였을 가능성이 큰 것으로 보았다. 또한 백제 왕궁의 배치를 통해 공간 활용 문제를 살펴보았는데, 왕궁의 남측 공간은 제1동서석축과 제2동서 석축 공간은 왕이 의례나 의식, 정무를 보는 외조로 보고 제3, 제4 동서석축 공간은 왕과 왕의 가족이 생활하는 내조로 파악하였다. 왕궁의 담장 형태에 대해서는 석재 상부에 ‘ㄴ’자형으로 가공된 돌이 수적으로 적고 현재 남아 있는 2단의 석재 상면 형태가 판축보다는 돌을 놓기에 더 적당한 점 등을 들어 2단 석재 위에도 상부까지 석축을 한 것으로 보았다. 왕궁은 일정 기간 사용 후 무왕의 명복을 빌기 위한 원찰로 사용하기 위해 사찰로 변화된다. 이러한 과정에서 후원은 집수와 급수 목적의 U자형수로가 오락과 유희를 위한 곡수로로 변화된다고 보았다. 또한 왕궁리유적이 왕궁으로 사용되던 시기에는 익산 천도가 이루어졌으며, 사찰로 운영되던 과정에서는 별도로 활용된 것으로 보았다.An ancient capital means the capital city of a kingdom that existed long ago. Iksan has many relics from the last years of the Baekje Kingdom including those of the royal palace, Buddhist temples, royal tombs, mountain fortress walls, and so forth. Very few of these can be found in other cities. Nevertheless, there has been a tendency not to acknowledge Iksan as the capital of Baekje because some experts claim there was no evidence of a city and any capital fortress wall (Naseong city wall) that could defend the palace in old Iksan. This is why it is necessary to clearly define the character of Iksan as the ancient capital of Baekje Kingdom. It is important to prove that there was a city and a capital fortress wall around it. In this paper, I examined the outcome of a small-scale excavation survey performed recently near the Wanggung-ri Site and reviewed the data of previous research to look into the possibility of the existence of towns and the scale of the capital city in the last years of Baekje Kingdom. From the study, it could be presumed that there was a great possibility of utilizing the natural topography and mountain fortress walls instead of constructing capital fortress walls during Baekje and Silla Kingdoms. The only exception is the case of Buyeo as evidenced from the distribution of historic relics around Wanggung-ri and Mireuksa Temple Sites. The present paper further investigated the utilization of space in the royal palace of Baekje by studying the pattern of its buildings. From the investigation, it was learned that the southern part of the palace between the first and second sections of east-west stonework was used for the purpose of courtesy, ceremonies, and political affairs by the kings. The space between the third and the fourth sections of east-west stonework seemed to have been the living quarters for the kings and royal families. As for the style of walls in the royal palace, it would be reasonable to assume that additional stonework was undertaken up to the top beyond the two-step stone, judging from the facts that a small number of L-shape processed stones remain in the upper part of the stonework for the walls. Also the shape of the remaining two-step stones upper surface seems to be more suitable to accommodate stones than for placing hardening and heaping of earth(版築). Backfill stones up to the upper part of the two-step stonework in the east and west side of the walls still remained. After being used for a certain period of time, the palace became a Buddhist temple for the bliss of King Mu. In this process, it is thought, U-shaped water way intended originally for gathering and supplying of water was transformed into a curved water lane for recreation and entertainment. It is also believed that the transfer of the capital to Iksan was completed when Wanggung-ri Site was used as a royal palace. Then Iksan served for another purpose when it repurposed as a temple.
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Creating a new capital city is a critical decision, yet it has happened across the globe and across the years. Due to various reasons, capital cities were created and transformed their countries and affected their overall worldwide presence. This paper derives a comparison between the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana and the new Egyptian Administrative Capital that is currently under construction. This review article showed that despite the differences, similarities can be pointed out in relation to political, social, and economic aspects. The results figured out that both capitals are major initiatives for nation-building as well as regional and economic development. The authors conclude from the similarities between the two capital cities' approaches that Egypt's new administrative capital can follow the well-off steps of Astana aside from the contextual differences and challenges that should not be underestimated. The authors also derive a set of elements that create a significant capital city.
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The Eastern Capital officials took their offices mostly in later Tang periods,and resided in Southwest of Luoyang,the most beautiful part of the city.As the emperors did not visit the Eastern Capital,the officials were idle most of the time.They held high positions and were rich enough to buy expensive houses in the scenic area
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In 1911, the British government decided to move the capital of British India from Calcutta to the ancient city of Delhi. This was an opportunity to create a truly imperial, planned city and, thanks to the appointment of Sir Edwin Lutyens as architect, this was achieved with remarkable success. Despite great political difficulties, a new administrative and residential district was created, worthy to succeed seven previous Delhis, with a palace for the Viceroy at its heart. It nevertheless only served its intended function for sixteen years.
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the study of Capital city of Liao Dynasty of academia focuses on some related problems,such as the facing direction of Shangjing,the reason why Liao Shangjing is structured into two northern and southern cities,the historic function of Zhongjing city,and Liao capital city system's imitation of the capital city systems in Central Plains,etc. And there appear different opinions and disputes. It is necessary to synthesize the already existing viewpoints and make a further study of these problems.
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