Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Fakher RahimDanny V. ColombaraMohammad H ForouzanfarChristopher TroegerFarah DaoudMaziar Moradi‐LakehCharbel El BcheraouiPuja C RaoAshkan AfshinRaghid ChararaKalkidan Hassen AbateMohammed Magdy Abd El RazekFoad Abd-AllahRemon Abu‐ElyazeedAli KiadaliriA. S. AkandaNadia AkseerKhurshid AlamDeena AlasfoorRaghib AliMohammad A. AlMazroaMahmoud A. AlomariRajaa Al‐RaddadiUbai AlsharifShirina AlsowaidiKhalid A AltirkawiNelson Alvis‐GuzmánWalid AmmarCarl Abelardo T. AntonioHamid AsayeshRana Jawad AsgharSuleman AtiqueAshish AwasthiUmar BachaAlaa BadawiAleksandra BaraćNeeraj BediTolesa BekeleIsabela M. BenseñorBalem Demtsu BetsuZulfiqar A BhuttaAref A. Bin AbdulhakZahid A ButtHadi DanawiManisha DubeyAman Yesuf EndriesImad D A FaghmousTalha FaridMaryam S. FarvidFarshad FarzadfarSeyed-Mohammad FereshtehnejadFlorian FischerJoseph R A FitchettKatherine B. GibneyIbrahim GinawiMelkamu Dedefo GishuH. C. GugnaniRahul GuptaGessessew Bugssa HailuRandah R HamadehSamer HamidiHilda L HarbMohammad Taghi HedayatiMohamed HsaïriAbdullatif HusseiniNader JahanmehrMehdi JavanbakhtTariku JibatJost B JonasAmir KasaeianYousef KhaderAbdur Rahman KhanEjaz Ahmad KhanGulfaraz KhanTawfik KhojaYohannes KinfuNiranjan KissoonAi KoyanagiAparna LalAsma LatifRaimundas LunevičiusHassan Magdy Abd El RazekAzeem MajeedReza MalekzadehAlem MehariAlemayehu MekonnenYohannes Adama MelakuZiad A. MemishWalter MendozaAwoke MisganawLayla Abdalla Ibrahim MohamedJean B. NachegaQuyen Le NguyenMuhammad Imran NisarEmmanuel PeprahJames A Platts-MillsFarshad PourmalekMostafa QorbaniAnwar RafayVafa Rahimi‐MovagharSajjad Ur RahmanRajesh KumarChhabi Lal RanabhatChhabi Lal RanabhatSowmya R. RaoAmany RefaatMark S. RiddleGholamreza RoshandelGeorge Mugambage RuhagoMuhammad Muhammad SalehJuan SanabriaMonika SawhneySadaf G SepanlouTesfaye SetegnKaren SliwaChandrashekhar T SreeramareddyBryan L. SykesMohammad TavakkoliBemnet TedlaAbdullah Sulieman TerkawiKingsley Nnanna UkwajaOlalekan A UthmanRonny WestermanMamo WubshetMuluken AzageNaohiro YonemotoMustafa Z YounisZoubida ZaidiMaysaa El Sayed ZakiAbdullah A. Al RabeeahHaidong WangMohsen NaghaviTheo VosAlan D LopezChristopher J L MurrayAli H. Mokdad
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Abstract:
Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.Keywords:
Disability-adjusted life year
This report is the first of a series of publications about the Victorian Burden of
Disease Study. The study uses the methods developed for the Global Burden of
Disease Study adapted to the Victorian context. It provides a comprehensive
assessment of the amount of ill health, the ’burden of disease’, in Victoria in 1996
and projected to the year 2016. Mortality, disability and illness arising from over
130 diseases, injuries and risk factors are measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years
(DALYs). The mortality component of the burden of disease, the Years of Life Lost
(YLLs), is the topic of this first report.
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Abstract Background Burden of disease describes the impact of living with and dying prematurely from different diseases or injuries. The Australian Burden of Disease Study (ABDS) 2018 estimated the health impact of 219 diseases and injuries on the Australian population. Methods Burden of disease measures years of healthy life lost from living with (non-fatal) and dying prematurely from (fatal) disease and injury. Fatal and non-fatal burden combined provides the total burden, measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALY). One DALY equals 1 year of healthy life lost. Disease burden was estimated for the years 2018, 2015, 2011 and 2003 for Australia. Results In 2018, 5.0 million years of healthy life were lost from disease and injury. Living with illness or injury caused more total disease burden than dying prematurely (52% vs 48%). Between 2003 and 2018, total burden decreased by 13%, driven by less premature deaths. Disease groups with the biggest absolute reductions in burden (DALY rate) were cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The five leading causes of burden were coronary heart disease, back pain, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Males experienced more burden than females for most age groups. Conclusions Overall burden of disease declined between 2003 and 2018, due to a large reduction in burden from dying prematurely. Living with the impact of chronic diseases contributed substantial burden in Australia in 2018. Key messages Living with illness or injury accounts for most of the disease burden in Australia. There have been improvements in fatal burden since 2003.
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Disease burden indicators assess the impact of disease on a population. They integrate mortality and disability in a single indicator. This allows setting priorities for health services and focusing resources.To analyze the burden of neurological diseases in Peru from 1990-2015.A descriptive study that used the epidemiological data published by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation of Global Burden of Diseases from 1990 to 2015. Disease burden was measured using disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), which results from the addition of the years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD).The burden of neurological diseases in Peru were 9.06 and 10.65%, in 1990 and 2015, respectively. In 2015, the main causes were migraine, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), neonatal encephalopathy (NE), and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADD). This last group and nervous system cancer (NSC) increased 157 and 183% of DALY compared to 1990, respectively. Young population (25 to 44 years old) and older (>85 years old) were the age groups with the highest DALY. The neurological diseases produced 11.06 and 10.02% of the national YLL (CVD as the leading cause) and YLD (migraine as the main cause), respectively.The burden of disease (BD) increased by 1.6% from 1990 to 2015. The main causes were migraine, CVD, and NE. ADD and NSC doubled the DALY in this period. These diseases represent a significant cause of disability attributable to the increase in the life expectancy of our population among other factors. Priority actions should be taken to prevent and treat these causes.
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Despite recent improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, vast differences in melanoma burden still exist between populations. Comparative data can highlight these differences and lead to focused efforts to reduce the burden of melanoma. To assess global, regional and national melanoma incidence, mortality and disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Vital registration system and cancer registry data were used for melanoma mortality modelling. Incidence and prevalence were estimated using separately modelled mortality‐to‐incidence ratios. Total prevalence was divided into four disease phases and multiplied by disability weights to generate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths in each age group were multiplied by the reference life expectancy to generate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs and YLLs were added to estimate DALYs. The five world regions with the greatest melanoma incidence, DALY and mortality rates were Australasia, North America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Central Europe. With the exception of regions in sub‐Saharan Africa, DALY and mortality rates were greater in men than in women. DALY rate by age was highest in those aged 75–79 years, 70–74 years and ≥ 80 years. The greatest burden from melanoma falls on Australasian, North American, European, elderly and male populations, which is consistent with previous investigations. These substantial disparities in melanoma burden worldwide highlight the need for aggressive prevention efforts. The Global Burden of Disease Study results can help shape melanoma research and public policy.
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.Summary measures such as disability-adjusted life years (DALY) are becoming increasingly important for the standardized assessment of the burden of disease due to death and disability. The BURDEN 2020 pilot project was designed as an independent burden-of-disease study for Germany, which was based on nationwide data, but which also yielded regional estimates.DALY is defined as the sum of years of life lost due to death (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). YLL is the difference between the age at death due to disease and the remaining life expectancy at this age, while YLD quantifies the number of years individuals have spent with health impairments. Data are derived mainly from causes of death statistics, population health surveys, and claims data from health insurers.In 2017, there were approximately 12 million DALY in Germany, or 14 584 DALY per 100 000 inhabitants. Conditions which caused the greatest number of DALY were coronary heart disease (2321 DALY), low back pain (1735 DALY), and lung cancer (1197 DALY). Headache and dementia accounted for a greater disease burden in women than in men, while lung cancer and alcohol use disorders accounted for a greater disease burden in men than in women. Pain disorders and alcohol use disorders were the leading causes of DALY among young adults of both sexes. The disease burden rose with age for some diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, dementia, and diabetes mellitus. For some diseases and conditions, the disease burden varied by geographical region.The results indicate a need for age- and sex-specific prevention and for differing interventions according to geographic region. Burden of disease studies yield comprehensive population health surveillance data and are a useful aid to decision-making in health policy.
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This paper uses the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) to estimate disease burden at a local level and relates this to programme budget (PB) data.We estimated DALY using the global burden of disease (GBD) template. For years of life lost, local mortality data were used and for years of life with disability, the GBD estimates from World Health Organization EURO A region (including the UK) were used. We used PB data to analyse how healthcare expenditure matched disease burden.In 2005 the burden of disease in Lambeth was estimated at 36,368 DALYs (13,515 DALYs lost per 100,000) and in Southwark was 34,196 DALYs (13,244 DALYs lost per 100,000). There were gender and area differences. The ranking is different when mortality and morbidity are combined compared with mortality alone. We estimated that the average spend per DALY lost in 2005 was 11,066 pounds in Lambeth and 9390 pounds in Southwark.We used a pragmatic approach to estimate overall disease burden providing a local, more comprehensive picture with important differences in spend by disease and health authority area. However, a more detailed approach to support decisions about prioritization based on modelling interventions that impact on avoidable burden of disease is recommended.
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Abstract Background The Scottish Burden of Disease (SBoD) Study monitors the contribution of over 100 diseases and injuries to the population health in Scotland. Providing robust estimates of the burden is important as recent evidence has highlighted stalling life expectancy and worsening trends in self-assessed general health and understanding the burden of disease is the first step in identifying areas of prevention which could have the biggest impact on health. Our aim was to estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 2018, for all causes of disease and injury. Methods The SBoD 2016 study estimated the burden for 132 causes of injury and disease using routine data and patient-level record linkage. For this update, years lived with disability were estimated using 2016 age-sex-deprivation specific rates, assuming no change in disease prevalence from 2016, but taking account of changes to the population structure. Years of life lost were calculated from 2018 observed deaths and the application of the Global Burden of Disease aspirational life table. Results In 2018 the leading causes of burden were ischaemic heart disease, Alzheimer's/other dementias, lung cancer, drug-use disorders and cerebrovascular disease, representing over a quarter (27%) of the total DALYs in Scotland. Of the 10 leading causes of disease burden, four are wholly attributable to ill-health, demonstrating the added-value of considering DALYs in conjunction with traditional measures of mortality and morbidity. Conclusions Ischaemic heart disease continues to be the leading cause of burden of disease in Scotland, however recent years show an increase in burden of social causes and diseases primarily affecting the ageing population. These changes in leading causes demonstrate the importance of continuing to monitor the burden of disease in Scotland, to provide robust evidence for planning of local and national services. Key messages The study demonstrates the added-value of considering the burden of disease, in conjunction with traditional measures of morbidity and mortality. Ischaemic heart disease continues to be the leading cause of burden of disease in Scotland.
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We estimated the burden of diseases in Korea especially caused by major cancers using DALY (disability adjusted life year) measurement.Firstly, the burden of disease due to premature death was estimated by using YLLs (years life lost due to premature death) measurement developed by the global burden of disease study group.Secondly, for the calculation of the YLD (years lived with disability), the following parameters were estimated in the formula; incidence rate, case fatality rate and disability weight of major cancers.Thirdly, we estimated DALY of major cancers by adding YLLs and YLDs.The burden of major cancers for male per 100,000 population was attributed mainly to liver cancer (528.8 person-year), stomach cancer (451.4 person-year), and lung cancer (374.9 personyear).The burden of major cancers for female per 100,000 population was attributed mainly to liver cancer (140.0 person-year), stomach cancer (259.7 personyear), and lung cancer (125.2 person-year).Each of these cancers was responsible for the loss of over 100 person-year per 100,000 population based on our DALY measurement.We found the DALY method employed was appropriate to quantify the burden of disease.Thereby, it would provide a rational bases to plan a national health policy regarding the burden of disease caused by major cancers in Korea
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A system for assessing the burdens imposed by disease and injury was developed to meet healthcare, priority setting, and policy planning needs.The first such system, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), was implemented in 1990.However, problems associated with limited data and assumed disability weightings remain to be resolved.The purpose of the present study was to estimate national burdens of injuries in Korea using more reliable data and disability weightings.The incidences of injuries were estimated using the Korean National Hospital Discharge Survey and the mortality data from the Korean National Statistical Office in 2010.Additionally, durations of injuries and age at injury onset were used to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY) using disability weightings derived from the Korean Burden of Disease (KBD) study.Korea had 1,581,072 DALYs resulting from injuries (3,170 per 100,000), which was 22.9% higher than found by the GBD 2010 study.Males had almost twice as heavy an injury burden as females.Road injury, fall, and selfharm ranked 1st, 2nd, and 3rd in terms of burden of injury in 2010.Total injury burden peaked in the forties, while burden per person declined gradually from early adulthood.We hope that this study contributes to the reliable evaluation of injury burden and a better understanding of injury-related health status using nation-specific, dependable data.
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Background: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has provided a conceptual and methodological framework to quantify and compare the health of populations. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess the national burden of disease in the population of Qatar using the disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) as a measure of disability. Methods: We adapted the methodology described by the World Health Organization for conducting burden of disease to calculate years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The study was conducted during the period from November 2011 to October 2012. Results: The study findings revealed that ischemic heart disease (11.8%) and road traffic accidents (10.3%) were the two leading causes of burden of diseases in Qatar in 2010. The burden of diseases among men (222.04) was found three times more than of women's (71.85). Of the total DALYs, 72.7% was due to non fatal health outcomes and 27.3% was due to premature death. For men, chronic diseases like ischemic heart disease (15.7%) and road traffic accidents (13.7%) accounted great burden and an important source of lost years of healthy life. For women, birth asphyxia and birth trauma (12.6%) and abortion (4.6%) were the two leading causes of disease burden. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the national health priority areas should cover cardiovascular diseases, road traffic accidents and mental health. The burden of diseases among men was three times of women's.
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