Study of Skin Temperature, Microclimate and Confort of Clothing of Old Females at Rest. Ambient TemperatureHumidity: 30.DEG.C.R.H.80%, 30.DEG.C.R.H.45%, 20.DEG.C.R.H.45%.
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Abstract:
Old females are compared to young females for the purpose of studying the difference in comfort caused by the environmental variables of temperature and humidity as well as the form of clothing.Eight experiments were performed in three settings: (a) 30°C R. H. 80%; 30°C R. H. 45%; and 20°C R. H. 45%. The ages of the subjects range from 62 to 68 (Mean=65.17, S. D.=1.68) among old females and from 20 to 23 (Mean=20.83, S. D.=0.76) among young females. The following results were obtained:(1) The young females were sensitive to hot temperatures, while the old females were not. On the other hand, the old females were more sensitive to cold temperatures, under 20°C R. H. 45%, than the young females. In temperatures under 30°C R. H. 80%, the heat radiation from the young females was higher than that of the old females. Under 20°C R. H. 45%, the heat radiation from the old females was higher than from the young females. The old females are thought to decline in physiogenic function due to enduring both hot and cold temperatures.(2) The correlation between the temperature in clothes and comfort among the old females is not different from the same correlation among the young females. This conclusion agrees with previously published studies of the young females.(3) Skin temperature and bloodstream are measured, according to clothing form. As a result, a long skirt is the highest in thermal insulation, long pants the next highest, and a short skirt is the lowest.(4) The effect of thermal insulation provided by a lap robe was tested in both groups. The lap robe was found to be more effective for the older group than the younger in temperatures under 20°C R. H. 45%. Hence, the role of clothes in offsetting for the decline in the thermoregulation function that compensates for environmental change is more important for old females than for young.Keywords:
Skin Temperature
Microclimate
The AC conductivity of aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.16H2O) is found to be strongly humidity dependent. This property has been used to develop a humidity sensor. The AC conductance of the specially designed humidity sensor varies ~103-fold when the relative humidity changes from 22 to 88%. It is observed that the AC conductance of aluminium sulphate varies exponentially with relative humidity between 35 and 70% relative humidity levels. A transducer using aluminium sulphate may be designed for developing a humidity sensor effective between the 35 and 70% relative humidity levels. The effect of frequency on conductance is insignificant in the higher-frequency region.
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This paper is aimed at introducing the findings from our measurement and investigation on the high temperature and humidity environment for paper-making plants.In hoping to find out the distribution regularity between the temperature and humidity in the papermaking workshops with hot and humid environment,we have carried out field measurements and investigations of five paper-making plants in different regions all over the country in different seasons.The results of our measurements and analysis reveal some regular results between the temperature and the height of the workshop buildings of such paper-making plants.To be exact,conclusions have been made that the temperature in such buildings increases with the height vertically no matter whether in summer or in winter,but the temperature in summer rises much more remarkable in comparison with that in winter.Moreover,a comparative formula has been derived with the increase of the height as compared with that of the temperature.However, the formula is just applicable for a building height below six meters.In addition,we have also worked out the relative humidity and the humidity ratio to the comparative temperature.Actually,the relative humidity and humidity ratio can be taken as the hierarchical distribution features,though they are not entirely in proper ratio to each other,for the temperature is not only related to the humidity but also to the temperature change.In some ways,it can be said that the higher the temperature,the lower the relative humidity with the humidity ratio being constant.Furthermore,both the relative humidity and humidity ratio distribution characteristics are closely related to the moisture diffusion degree and the mode of paper machines in the workshops.And,finally,we have also made believe that such a kind of hot and humid environment is harmful for the workers to stay long. In one word,the above investigation and analysis have done on temperature and humidity distribution characteristics are expected to provide an important reference for designing better ventilation conditions in such plants so as to improve better working environment both for the workers and for working machines.
Apparent temperature
Critical relative humidity
Papermaking
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The ambient temperature decrease from 32-35 degrees C to 15-17 degrees C was shown to increase the temperature gradient between the skin surface and its deep layers (2-3 mm from the surface) from 0.13 +/- 0.1 degrees C to 1.29 +/- 0.13 degrees C in humans. Considering the localisation of thermoreceptors in different skin layers, such a considerable gradient can be measured by the thermoregulation system and serve for determination of direction and intensity of heat flow across the skin.
Thermoreceptor
Skin Temperature
Temperature Gradient
Heat flow
Intensity
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The effect of an abrupt change in the relative humidity on the viability of airborne Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been examined. When the microbial aerosols were permitted to equilibrate in air held at either low or high humidities and were then subjected to a sudden shift to a mid-range humidity, a significant loss (>90%) of the colony-forming units per liter of aerosol occurred within 8 min. In contrast, a change in the relative humidity of more than 18% in either direction from a lethal mid-range humidity noticeably decreased the rate of biological decay. Double humidity shifts (i.e., from dry to a mid-range level and then to a high humidity range) were very detrimental, with very few survivors after 8 min. These results indicate that the biological stability of airborne M. pneumoniae may be easily modified by a sudden change in the relative humidity, such as occurs in natural atmospheres. This increased sensitivity brought about by producing changes in relative humidity through the lethal humidity range may provide a method whereby the control of these organisms in naturally contaminated indoor air environments may be eventually achieved.
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Apparent temperature
Saturation (graph theory)
Critical relative humidity
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For better understanding the impact of forest vegetation shift on the beneath microclimate and its ecological effects,3～4-year old eucalyptus plantation(planted in 2008,08EU)and coniferous broadleaf mixed forest(MF)were selected.Microclimatic conditions including air temperature,soil temperature and air relative humidity inside the two stands were monitored for 1year.The results showed that:(1)no difference in mean daily air temperature,mean daily relative humidity or daily max relative humidity was observed between the two stands;(2)annual average of surface soil temperature,daily max air temperature,daily air temperature range and coefficient of air temperature variation in eucalyptus were 1.5℃,1.4℃,2.2℃ and 40% higher than that inside mixed forest,respectively,but daily minimum air temperature was 0.8℃ lower than that in MF.There was 6.7% decrease of annual minimum air relative humidity in 08EU comparing with that in MF,but 16.4% of daily air relative humidity range and 22.0% coefficient of air humidity variation in 08EU higher than that in MF,respectively;(3)the range of daily air temperature and relative humidity were significantly positively or negatively related to the mean or minimum daily value,respectively,but no significant relation with max value,the largest different of microclimate condition between 08EU with MF was observed in autumn and winter seasons;(4)minimum air temperature and minimum humidity appearance times in eucalyptus plantation were 51 and 45minutes earlier than that in mixed forest,respectively.The changes of microclimate conditions beneath eucalyptus plantation would increase the rates of soil water evaporation and organic matter decomposition.
Microclimate
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To study the change and influence of humidity around Hongze Lake, the absolute humidity was calculated by using the observation data of 16 weather stations from 1981 to 2020. The absolute and relative humidity were then compared. The influence of Hongze Lake on the humidity in the surrounding area was investigated by comparing it with that of other stations. In the past 40 years, humidity showed significant changes interannually. The annual absolute humidity showed a peak and decreased while the relative humidity showed two peak values. Under the influence of global warming, the absolute humidity decreased during the past 40 years but the relative humidity increased. This showed overall warming and drying. The humidity around Hongze Lake was slightly higher than that in other places. The humidity around Hongze Lake was affected by the Lake and the location, which needs further study. The regulating effect of Hongze Lake on the humidity in the surrounding area was verified in this study. The result provides a basis for meteorological service and environmental protection of the ecosystem in the surrounding area of Hongze Lake.
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An experimental apparatus-hot plate was refitted, and this apparatus could deal with data by computer system. The temperature and relative humidity in microclimate of fabrics made from fibers with different levels of hygroscopicity were compared using this measuring system. In order to examine the precision of this measuring system, the measured results and predicted ones were compared, and there was a good agreement between experiment and prediction for the temperature and relative humidity of the clothing microclimate. The experimental results indicated that the measuring system could precisely measure the dynamical process of the temperature and the relative humidity for different fabrics.
Microclimate
Apparent temperature
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Humidity is a very important factor in representing the severity of electrostatic discharge (ESD). Low humidity indicates high risk of ESD problems; high humidity indicates low risk of ESD problems. Both relative humidity and absolute humidity can represent the level of humidity: which one is more important? The reported measurement result shows that relative humidity is more important in the discharge phase. The qualitative analysis is given.
Apparent temperature
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