A reappraisal of Aspergillus section Nidulantes with descriptions of two new sterigmatocystin-producing species
Vít HubkaAlena NovákováStephen W. PetersonJens C. FrisvadF. SklenářTetsuhiro MatsuzawaAlena KubátováMiroslav Kolařík
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ABSTRACT Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and holocephalans) are subjected to cladistic analysis in order to identify possible monophyletic groups. Chondrichthyan monophyly is established on the basis of several apomorphic characters, of which the most convincing is the presence of a mineralized layer of prismatic perichondral tissue of a unique type. Modern elasmobranchs are united with the Jurassic Palaeospinax by several synapomorphies. Palaeospinax and some other fossil sharks are sequenced as successive sister-groups to modern elasmobranchs. It is concluded that elasmobranchs and chimaeroids are monophyletic sister-groups, but that sharks are not monophyletic unless holocephalans are included.
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Abstract The first comprehensive analysis of higher‐level phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera is presented. The analysis includes representatives of all extant superfamilies, scored for 392 morphological characters, and sequence data for four loci (18S, 28S, COI and EF‐1α). Including three outgroup taxa, 111 terminals were analyzed. Relationships within symphytans (sawflies) and Apocrita are mostly resolved. Well supported relationships include: Xyeloidea is monophyletic, Cephoidea is the sister group of Siricoidea + [Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita)]; Anaxyelidae is included in the Siricoidea, and together they are the sister group of Xiphydrioidea + (Orussoidea + Apocrita); Orussoidea is the sister group of Apocrita, Apocrita is monophyletic; Evanioidea is monophyletic; Aculeata is the sister group of Evanioidea; Proctotrupomorpha is monophyletic; Ichneumonoidea is the sister group of Proctotrupomorpha; Platygastroidea is sister group to Cynipoidea, and together they are sister group to the remaining Proctotrupomorpha; Proctotrupoidea s. str . is monophyletic; Mymarommatoidea is the sister group of Chalcidoidea; Mymarommatoidea + Chalcidoidea + Diaprioidea is monophyletic. Weakly supported relationships include: Stephanoidea is the sister group of the remaining Apocrita; Diaprioidea is monophyletic; Ceraphronoidea is the sister group of Megalyroidea, which together form the sister group of [Trigonaloidea (Aculeata + Evanioidea)]. Aside from paraphyly of Vespoidea within Aculeata, all currently recognized superfamilies are supported as monophyletic. The diapriid subfamily Ismarinae is raised to family status, Ismaridae stat. nov. © The Will Henning Society 2011.
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Phylogenetic relationships within Collembola were determined through the cladistic analysis of 131 morphological characters and 67 exemplar taxa representing the major families of the group, with special emphasis on Poduromorpha. The results show that the order Poduromorpha is monophyletic and the sister group to the remaining Collembola, with Entomobryomorpha monophyletic and the sister group to the clade Neelipleona + Symphypleona. In Entomobryomorpha, Actaletidae is the sister group of the remaining families. In Poduromorpha, Tullbergiinae is monophyletic as well as Onychiurinae and the group Tetrodontophorinae + Onychiurinae which is the sister group of the remaining Poduromorpha; Tetrodontophorinae is paraphyletic; Onychiuridae is polyphyletic; Isotogastruridae is not an intermediate between Poduromorpha and Entomobryomorpha, it is the sister group of Tullbergiinae; Odontellidae is monophyletic and the sister group to the clade Neanuridae + Brachystomellidae; in Neanuridae, Frieseinae and the group Pseudachorutinae + Morulinae + Neanurinae are monophyletic; Morulinae is the sister group of Neanurinae; Pseudachorutinae is paraphyletic; Hypogastruridae is polyphyletic; Podura aquatica (Poduridae) is not ‘primitive’, it clusters with the genera Xenylla and Paraxenylla in Hypogastruridae. On the basis of these relationships and the position of the aquatic species, the most parsimonious hypothesis is a terrestrial edaphic origin for the springtails.
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Based on the structures of the male genitalia, the subgenus Petrophilus Chaudoir is redefined, and five subgenera, viz., Euryperis Motschulsky, Morphnosoma Lutshnik, Euferonia Casey, Feroperis Lafer, and Moritapterus Berlov, are synonymized with Petrophilus. Phylogenetic analyses based on eighteen morphological characters revealed that the subgenus Petrophilus is monophyletic, whereas most traditional subgenera synonymized with Petrophilus are non-monophyletic. Pterostichus (Petrophilus) tuberifer Sasakawa, sp. nov., a sympatric species with P. thunbergi Morawitz, is described from Japan.
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A cladistic analysis of the anomalocystitid mitrates is presented. A neutral terminology for the anomalocystitid skeleton is proposed, independent of the zoological interpretation of the fossils as echinoderms or as craniates. The anomalocystitid monophyly is supported by parsimony, although the instability of several basal taxa makes it difficult to ascertain the sequence in which characters were acquired or modified in the transition from the mitrocystitids to the anomalocystitids. The genus Barrandeocarpus falls outside the anomalocystitids as traditionally defined in the literature, and is either polyphyletic or monophyletic. Diamphidiocystis drepanon is either a basal anomalocystitid or the sister taxon to the group (Enoploura popei + Allanicytidiidae). Ateleocystites guttenbergensis is placed either at the base of the anomalocystitids or as the sister taxon to a group including mainly boreal forms, the only non-boreal members being the South African Bokkeveldia oosthuizeni and the Australian Victoriacystis wilkinsi.
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Abstract E uparkeria capensis is resolved as the sister taxon to A rchosauria in many cladistic phylogenies and provides a key outgroup which may approximate the ancestral archosaur morphology. Several other taxa have been referred to the family E uparkeriidae, but the monophyly of this taxon remains doubtful and largely untested. To test this monophyly, the archosauriform and putative euparkeriid D orosuchus neoetus from the M id‐ T riassic of R ussia is re‐examined in the light of recent work on the evolution of stem archosaurs. D orosuchus neoetus is found to possess a number of morphological features that place it close to Archosauria, including a sigmoidal femur with a clear attachment region for the m. caudifemoralis musculature, but no unambiguous archosaurian apomorphies. D orosuchus neoetus is included for the first time in a numerical cladistic analysis and is recovered as the sole sister taxon to A rchosauria + P hytosauria. A monophyletic Euparkeriidae including D . neoetus and E . capensis is slightly less parsimonious. In addition, a mandible and pterygoid that were previously referred to D . neoetus subsequent to the original description of the species are also included separately within the phylogenetic analysis and are recovered within Archosauria, possibly raising questions as to their correct taxonomic referral. However, this phylogenetic placement is based primarily on the absence of palatal teeth, but the presence or absence of palatal teeth exhibits considerable homoplasy within A rchosauriformes. Based on other aspects of their morphology, we do not reject the referral of these elements to D . neoetus .
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The evolutionary relationships of the onychophorans (velvet worms) and the monophyly of the arthropods have generated considerable debate. Cladistic analyses of 12 S ribosomal RNA sequences indicate that arthropods are monophyletic and include the onychophorans. Maximum parsimony analyses and monophyly testing within arthropods indicate that myriapods (millipedes and centipedes) form a sister group to all other assemblages, whereas crustaceans (shrimps and lobsters) plus hexapods (insects and allied groups) form a well-supported monophyletic group. Parsimony analysis further suggests that onychophorans form a sister group to chelicerates (spiders and scorpions) and crustaceans plus hexapods, but this relationship is not well supported by monophyly testing. These relationships conflict with current hypotheses of evolutionary pathways within arthropods.
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Malacostraca
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Primula
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The genus Homoneura comprises over 700 described species in eight known subgenera distributed worldwide and has the highest species richness of Lauxaniidae. Five subgenera and more than 200 species have currently been recorded from China. Despite its high diversity, the monophyly of Homoneura and its subgenera, and the phylogenetic relationships among its subgenera remain to be investigated. One maximum-parsimony tree was generated based on 105 morphological characters scored from 24 species, representing all five subgenera of Homoneura recorded from China. The results did not support the monophyly of the genus Homoneura and subgenus Homoneura. The subgenus Chaetohomoneura is a sister to subgenus Neohomoneura. The monophyly of the subgenera Euhomoneura and Neohomoneura is supported. Much of the current classification of the genus Homoneura needs a revision before taxonomy can reflect natural groupings.
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