6. Phylogeny and characterization of freshwater Chytridiomycota (Chytridiomycetes and Monoblepharidomycetes)
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Although Drosophila melanogaster is a paradigm eukaryote for biology, relationships of this species and the other 174 species in the melanogaster species group are poorly explored and ambiguous. Gene regions of Cytochrome oxidase II (mt:CoII), Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and hunchback (hb) were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically to test prior hypotheses of relationships for the group based on chromosomes, morphology, and 28S rRNA gene sequences. A simultaneous cladistic analysis of the three newly sequenced gene regions produced a single well-resolved phylogeny for 49 exemplar species representing eight subgroups. Monophyly of each of the ananassae, melanogaster, montium, and takahashii subgroups is supported; the suzukii subgroup is polyphyletic. This phylogeny is consistent with variation in significant morphological structures, such as the male sex comb on the fore tarsus. The broad range of morphological variation among these species is interpreted and the applicability to evolution and developmental investigations is discussed. This phylogeny facilitates comparative investigations, such as gene family evolution, transposable element transmission, and evolution of morphological structures.
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Journal Article Patterns of floral construction in ontogeny and phylogeny Get access PETER K. ENDRESS, F.L.S. PETER K. ENDRESS, F.L.S. 1Institut für Systematische Botanik der Universität Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 39, Issue 2, February 1990, Pages 153–175, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00509.x Published: 14 January 2008
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This study provides morphological, ultrastructural and phylogenetic characterization of 2 novel species of Haplosporidia (Haplosporidium echinogammari n. sp. and H. orchestiae n. sp.) infecting amphipods of the genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia collected in southwestern England. Both parasites infect the connective tissues associated with the digestive gland and the tegument, and eventually infect other organs causing disruption of host tissues with associated motor impairment and fitness reduction. Prevalence of infection varied with host species, provenance and season, being as high as 75% for individuals of E. marinus infected with H. echinogammari in June (n = 50). Although no spores were found in any of the infected amphipods examined (n = 82), the morphology of monokaryotic and dikaryotic unicellular stages of the parasites enabled differentiation between the 2 new species. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species based on the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene placed H. echinogammari close to H. diporeiae in haplosporidian lineage C, and H. orchestiae in a novel branch within Haplosporidium. Genetic diversity of the haplosporidians infecting these and other amphipod species was evaluated and compared to morphological and ultrastructural changes to host tissues. The phylogenetic relationship of haplosporidian infections in other crustacean hosts is discussed after inclusion into the analysis of 25 novel SSU rDNA sequences obtained from crabs, isopods and crayfish.
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To localize interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) and to test whether their pattern of distribution could be linked to chromosomal evolution, we hybridized telomeric sequence probes (peptide nucleic acid, PNA) on metaphases of New World monkeys: Callithrix argentata, Callithrix jacchus, Cebuella pygmaea, Saguinus oedipus, Saimiri sciureus, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae (Cebidae), Lagothrix lagotricha (Atelidae) and Callicebus moloch (Pithecidae), characterized by a rapid radiation and a high rate of chromosomal rearrangements. Our analysis of the probe signal localization allowed us to show in all the species analysed, as normally, the telomeric location at the terminal ends of chromosomes and unexpected signal distributions in some species. Indeed, in three species among the nine studied, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae (Cebidae) and Lagothrix lagotricha (Atelidae), we showed a high variability in terms of localization and degree of amplification of interstitial telomeric sequences, especially for the ones found at centromeric or pericentromeric positions (het-ITS). A comparative analysis, between species, of homologous chromosomes to human syntenies, on which we have found positive interspersed PNA signals, allowed us to explain the observed pattern of ITS distribution as results of chromosomal rearrangements in the neotropical primates analysed. This evidence permitted us to discuss the possible implication of ITSs as phylogenetic markers for closely related species. Moreover, reviewing previous literature data of ITSs distribution in Primates and in the light of our results, we suggest an underestimation of ITSs and highlight the importance of the molecular cytogenetics approach in characterizing ITSs, which role is still not clarified. La distribuzione delle sequenze telomeriche intersperse sui cromosomi di nove Platyrrhinae: possibili implicazioni evolutive e filogenetiche Al fine di localizzare le sequence telomeriche intersperse (ITS) e verificare se il loro pattern di distribuzione è ricollegabile all'evoluzione cromosomica sono state ibridate sonde telomeriche (TTAGGG)n sulle metafasi di specie Platyrrhinae caratterizzate da una rapida radiazione ed da un alto tasso di riarrangiamenti cromosomomici: Callithrix argentata, Callithrix jacchus, Cebuella pygmaea, Saguinus oedipus, Saimiri sciureus, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae (Cebidae), Lagothrix lagotricha (Atelidae), e Callicebus moloch (Pithecidae). L'analisi del segnale della sonda PNA mappato sui cromosomi ha permesso di dimostrare, in tutte le specie, come atteso, la normale localizzazione delle sequenze telomeriche sulle estremità terminali dei cromosomi e solo su alcune di esse, invece, una distribuzione peculiare delle sequenze telomeriche intersperse. Infatti in tre specie tra le nove analizzate Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae (Cebidae), e Lagothrix lagotricha (Atelidae) è stata dimostrata un'alta variabilità nella distribuzione e nel grado di amplificazione delle ITS, in special modo per quelle riscontrate in regioni centro o pericentromeriche (het-ITS). L'analisi comparativa dei cromosomi delle specie in esame, omologhi alle sintenie cromosomiche umane, sui quali si sono riscontrati segnali della sonda PNA interspersi, ha permesso di spiegare il pattern di distribuzione delle ITS osservato come risultato di riarrangiamenti cromosomici verificatesi nel corso dell'evoluzione in Primates, in particolar modo in Platyrrhinae. Queste evidenze hanno inoltre permesso di discutere le possibili implicazioni delle ITS come marker filogenetici. In ultimo, da un'analisi dei dati presenti in letteratura sulla distribuzione delle ITS in Primates ed alla luce dei risultati ottenuti si ipotizza che gli ITS possano essere stati sottostimati e si evidenzia l'importanza dell'approccio citogenetico nello studio degli ITS, sequenze il cui ruolo è ancora poco conosciuto e che meriterebbe maggiori approfondimenti.
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