Small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are in the midst of a period of huge change resulting from advances on several fronts. One important development is the appreciation that SLL and CLL are two manifestations of the same disorder. Throughout this review, therefore, it should be assumed that SLL is managed in a similar manner to CLL, although the studies drawn upon and recommendations made will be based mainly on publications on the diagnosis and therapy for CLL.Cite
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Seperti pada dewasa, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik kini makin popular digunakan oleh ahli anestesikarena keuntungannya. Namun demikian selalu ada risiko dan kemungkinan timbulnya komplikasi dari setiap tindakan yang dilakukan, termasuk tindakan anestesi regional pada pediatrik. Insidensi komplikasi anestesi regional pada pediatrik tidak banyak, dan kalaupun terjadi komplikasi adalah minor. Komplikasi bisa diakibatkan dari identifikasi ruang saraf, alat, obat, teknis tindakan anestesi regionalnya dan komplikasi lainnya.Walaupun tidak banyak kejadian komplikasi regional anestesi yang dilaporkan pada pediatrik, dan bukanlah komplikasi yang fatal, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik harus dilakukan dengan lebih hatihati, pertimbangan risiko dan keuntungannya untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi, terlebih karena kebanyakan komplikasi dapat dihindari dengan mempelajari teknik yang benar, menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai, dan sangat menerapkan prinsip keamanan pada pasien dengan baik.
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Genentech is partnering with the German cancer company Affimed to develop immunotherapies for multiple kinds of solid and blood cancers. Affimed is developing therapies that engage natural killer cells of the innate immune system to help direct them to attack cancer cells. Genentech will pay Affimed $96 million up front and up to $5 billion more in potential payments.
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The chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the prolymphocytic leukemia and the hairy cell leukemia of B-cell immunophenotype are closely related disorders, but differ in their cytomorphological and clinical features. In an attempt to differentiate further among these forms of leukemia some immunological and cytochemical markers were studied. Simultaneously we measured adenosine deaminase and purine nucleosidephosphorylase activities by a method of paper radiochromatography in peripheral blood/bone marrow leukemic cells from 23 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 5 patients with prolymphocytic leukemia, one with prolymphocytoid transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 15 patients with hairy cell leukemia. The mosaic of immunological and cytochemical markers based on the sum of positive and negative features allowed for the correct diagnosis in a majority of cases. From the number of 43 investigated cases we found the typical enzyme patterns in 39 of them. On the basis of purine enzyme activity we were able to differentiate between chronic lymphocytic leukemia versus prolymphocytic and hairy cell leukemia. In one patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia we could detect very early stage of prolymphocytoid transformation by increased activity of purine nucleosidephosphorylase activity. There were only two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who were assigned to the prolymphocytic leukemia on the basis of purine nucleosidephosphorylase activity and two patients with hairy cell leukemia with atypical enzyme pattern attributable to the nonrepresentative number of pathological cells in the peripheral blood. Our study showed that purine nucleosidephosphorylase activity in leukemia cells may be useful as an additional parameter in the distinction of prolymphocytic from lymphocytic leukemia and that it may represent an enzymatic marker for early detection of prolymphocytoid transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Characteristic purine enzyme pattern was found also for diagnostic confirmation of hairy cell leukemia.
Prolymphocytic leukemia
Chronic leukemia
Hairy Cell
Immunophenotyping
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Hematology
Genetic predisposition
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Chronic leukemia
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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singing that will take you to new
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