Determination of Lead in Beer Using Zeeman Background-Corrected Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
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Abstract:
Because of its toxicity and the potential for adverse health effects, lead has attracted widespread interest in its occurrence in the environment, drinking water, and many comestibles, including alcoholic beverages. Its accurate analysis at very low levels in complex matrices such as beer is subject to many difficulties from interferences and demands specialized equipment and techniques. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry has been successfully used for the analysis of lead in biological samples and has previously been applied to beer. In recent times, the reassessment of lead's human health implications has prompted North American regulatory agencies to lower the acceptable levels of lead contamination in the environment and, particularly, in drinking water. Consequently, this has renewed the requirements for lower detection limits and improved accuracy in analyses. Earlier studies have shown that with modern-day standards for equipment and materials used in beer production and packaging, beers contain only trace levels of lead and generally were below the newly established guidelines for drinking water. There is need, however, for improved accuracy in lead determinations. This method achieves that by combining an appropriate matrix modifier, platform atomization, peak area integration, Zeeman background correction, insertion of a cool-down step before atomization, and the use of the alternate wavelength (283.3 nm) for lead. The method has a limit of detection of 0.87 μg/L and a limit of determination of 2.1 μg/ L.Keywords:
Lead (geology)
Matrix (chemical analysis)
The paper discussed the measurement of trace Pb and Cd in Calcium (Ca) nourishment oral drinks by the adoption of Zeeman effect of graphite furnace atomic absorption method, and studied the temperature raising procedure of graphite furnace as well as the effects of matrix modifier on the determination . The measuring results indicate that the application of Zeeman background absorption method and the use of HNO3 and NH4NO3 as matrix modifier can greatly reduce the matrix disturbance in the water sample, obtaining over 97 % of the rate of recovery, thus satisfactory measurement results are achieved.
Matrix (chemical analysis)
Recovery rate
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Using NH4H2PO4 as matrix modifier,the Pb and Cd were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.The best conditions were confirmed by the investigation of matrix modifier,ashing temperature,atomization temperature and inferences of other metals.The method is simple,fast,reproducible,high sensitive and accurate.The detection limit of Pb is 0.268 μg/L,Cd is 0.013 μg/L.Recoveries are in the range of 85%~110%.
Ashing
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Cobalt in human urine was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction. Magnesium nitrate and nitric acid were used as matrix modifiers. Except for a 1 + 1 dilution, no sample pre-treatment was necessary; this permitted a direct determination. Hence, the risk of sample contamination was reduced and sample throughput was increased. A single urine calibration graph was constructed from which all calculations were made in a single analytical run. In this way, the need for the method of standard additions was eliminated. A detection limit of 2.4 µg l–1 permits the determination of potentially toxic levels of cobalt in human urine.
Matrix (chemical analysis)
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Zeeman effect of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was adopted to determine trace lead in environmental water samples, also the temperature raising procedure of graphite furnace and the effect of matrix modifier on the determination were studied. It showed that application of Zeeman effect to deduct background and the use of magnesium nitrate and ammonium biphosphate as matrix modifiers greatly improved the precision and accuracy of the determination. The detection limit of the method was 2.3×10 -10g, and the relative standard deviation was 4.9%.
Magnesium nitrate
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Spectrophotometry
Ammonium nitrate
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The content of Cadmium was analyzed by platform graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with thiourea -EDTA-NH4H2PO4 as the matrix modifier. The effect of matrix modifier and instrument conditions to cadmium signal was investigated. The proposed method had a detection limit of 0.06 ng/mL. The sample detection limit was 0.19 ng/g.
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Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry is a sensitive, precise, and accurate method for the determination of chromium in natural water samples. The detection limit for this analytical method is 0.4 microg/L with a working linear limit of 25.0 microg/L. The precision at the detection limit ranges from 20 to 57 percent relative standard deviation (RSD) with an improvement to 4.6 percent RSD for concentrations more than 3 microg/L. Accuracy of this method was determined for a variety of reference standards that was representative of the analytical range. The results were within the established standard deviations. Samples were spiked with known concentrations of chromium with recoveries ranging from 84 to 122 percent. In addition, a comparison of data between graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and direct-current plasma atomic emission spectrometry resulted in suitable agreement between the two methods, with an average deviation of +/- 2.0 microg/L throughout the analytical range.
Spectrophotometry
Relative standard deviation
Linear range
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In the present work, several methods of analysis for the determination of manganese in seawater using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry are compared. The importance of the use of a modifier (Pd) as well as the analytical accuracy in the absense or presence of the platform were investigated. Also, results obtained using the Zeeman background corrector were compared with those obtained using a continuous corrector. Finally, for all possibilities, both the analysis by standard addition and just using the analytical curve were compared, totalling sixteen different combinations. Matrix effects were present in all analytical procedures, denoting the need of the standard additions technique. No statistically significant differences were found from the results obtained by the different analytical procedures. The use of larger atomization temperatures or of a transversely heated graphite atomizer did not prevent the sample-dependent matrix effects.
Matrix (chemical analysis)
Standard addition
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