Taphonomy and palaeobiology of early Middle Triassic coprolites from the Luoping biota, southwest China: Implications for reconstruction of fossil food webs
Mao LuoShixue HuMichael J. BentonG.R. ShiLaishi ZhaoJinyuan HuangHaijun SongWen WenQiyue ZhangYuheng FangYuangeng HuangZhong‐Qiang Chen
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Keywords:
Taphonomy
Biota
Paleoecology
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Actinopterygii
Theridiidae
Ladinian
Tetrapod (structure)
Ladinian
Early Triassic
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Late Devonian extinction
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Devonian
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从 Pelsonian 的二个完全的标本(中间的 Anisian，中间三叠纪) Luoping，云南省，华南被指一个新 actinopterygian 类， Luopingichthys 情报。nov，并且归功于到特别基于古怪 premaxillary 颚的建筑群的典型 synapomorphy 的 perleidiform 家庭 Polzbergidae，即，在 premaxillary 之间的熔化并且沿着 antero 背面的边缘颚颚。新税在上不同于家庭， Felberia 和 Stoppania 的另外的深身体的代表，在它的纺锤形或深的纺锤形的身体形状；有短下文轨道的过程的塑造镰刀的 preopercular；在肛门鳍的底的修改规模的缺乏；短底的背面的鳍；几乎没装饰的规模；并且变瘦前面的牙齿。从中间在 Ctenognathichthys hattichi 上基于对税的完模标本的描述三叠纪( Ladinian ) Prosanto 形成，州 Graub un 兽穴，东方瑞士，唯一的已知的标本，它显示出在 premaxillary 之间的一样的熔化并且颚，种的系统的位置被澄清并且税在上被建议是家庭 Polzbergidae 的一个进一步的代表，并且被转移到新类。
Actinopterygii
Ladinian
Synapomorphy
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The diversity of the brachiopods in the Northern Caucasus significantly fluctuated throughout the Paleozoic-Mesozoic. Weak diversifications occurred in the Middle Cambrian, Late Silurian - Early Devonian, and Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous. Since the Late Permian brachiopod assemblages became quite diverse. The maximum number of species was reached in the Rhaetian. The Permian/ Triassic mass extinction and enigmatic Ladinian crisis, on the other hand, led to regional brachiopod demises. In the Jurassic - Early Cretaceous interval the diversity of brachiopods generally decreased. The strongest drops of species numbers occurred in the Toarcian and Berriasian following the Pliensbachian-Toarcian and end-Jurassic global mass extinctions, and in the Kimmeridgian due to the regional salinity crisis. It is evident that some of the regional brachiopod diversifications coincided with the development of rimmed shelves.
Devonian
Ladinian
Late Devonian extinction
Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Ladinian
Actinopterygii
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Postcrania
Actinopterygii
Ladinian
Vertebral column
Axial skeleton
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The early history of the Semionotiformes is still scarcely known as, apart from the Permian Acentrophorus , most of the Early and Middle Triassic taxa traditionally ascribed to this order are often poorly known and/or they actually belong to other groups. Sangiorgioichthys aldae gen. n. sp. n. is described from the Upper Ladinian Kalkschieferzone (Upper Meride Limestone) of the Monte San Giorgio area on specimens coming from both Italy and Switzerland. The new genus is ascribed to the family Semionotidae as it shows several of the characters usually considered as diagnostic of the family itself, even if no real synapomorphies have been so far proposed for it. As a Semionotidae, Sangiorgioichthys gen. n. has an almost complete circumorbital series, large ascending process of the premaxilla, rostral and nasals almost tube-like, short maxilla, several suborbital bones posterior and ventral to the infraorbitals, long antero-dorsal process of the suboperculum, sensory canal system very rich in pores, mid dorsal ridge scales with an incipient spine. Peculiar characters of the new genus are dermal skull bones completely covered by ganoine, a very large ventral infraorbital almost attaining the anterior edge of the preoperculum, two ‘ventral’ suborbitals, very elongate anterior supraorbital bone, dentition made of a number of tiny pencil-like teeth, anterior and posterior lateral line scales differentiated.
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Ladinian
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The new neopterygian genus Ticinolepis , including two new species T. longaeva and T. crassidens is described from Middle Triassic carbonate platform deposits of the Monte San Giorgio. The anatomy of this fish shows a mosaic of halecomorph and ginglymodian characters and, thus, the new taxon probably represents a basal holostean. During the latest Anisian to earliest Ladinian the two new species coexisted in the intraplatform basin represented by the uppermost Besano Formation, but only T. longaeva sp. nov. inhabited the more restricted basin represented by the Ladinian Meride Limestone (except for the Kalkschieferzone). The more widely distributed type species shows interesting patterns of intraspecific variation including ontogenetic changes and morphological variation over time. The second species presents anatomical features that strongly indicate a strictly durophagous diet. The different distribution of the species is interpreted as a result of habitat partitioning and different adaptability to palaeoenvironmental changes.
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Ladinian
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Amniote
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A new species of Saurichthys is described. It comes from an Early Ladinian fossil-bearing bed lying in the middle-lower part of the Buchenstein Formation on the Northern Grigna southern slope (Pasturo, Lecco). This new species differs from the several other Middle Triassic species in the remarkable size (more than 130 cm in length), in the presence of a grid structure made by the dorsal elements of its vertebral column, and in the posteriorly enlarging endoskeletal elements of both dorsal and anal fins. Moreover, only two longitudinal scale rows distinguish this taxon; together with the grid structure of the dorsal vertebral column, this character was previously observed only in Norian species (Late Triassic). The early appearance of these features in a Ladinian species opens a new, serious discussion on the evolutionary trends of Saurichthys , which is a very important genus, inhabiting the seas and lakes all over the world from the latest Permian to the end of the Triassic.
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Actinopterygii
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The genus Sangiorgioichthys is one of the few Semionotidae known from the Middle Triassic. The type species S. aldae Tintori & Lombardo, 2007 has been found in Late Ladinian marine deposits of both the Italian and Swiss sides of Monte San Giorgio. A second species, S. sui Lopez-Arbarello et al., 2011 described from the Pelsonian (Middle Anisian) of Luoping (Yunnan, South China) has extended the range of the genus both in time and space. A further species of Sangiorgioichthys, Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis n. sp., is described herein from the Late Ladinian Kalkschieferzone (Meride Limestone) of the Monte San Giorgio area, the same unit yielding the type species. Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis n. sp. differs from the already known species in number and arrangement of suborbitals, shape of the teeth and in shape and row number of the scales. The new species of Sangiorgioichthys increases the diversity of Semionotidae already in the Middle Triassic, indicating that the explosive radiation of Semionotidae during the Norian was preceded by a first phase of diversification during the Middle Triassic. RIASSUNTO - (Una nuova specie di Sangiorgioichthys (Actinopterygii, Semionotiformes) dalla Kalkschieferzone del Monte San Giorgio (Triassico Medio; Meride, Canton Ticino, Svizzera)) - Il genere Sangiorgioichthys e uno dei pochi Semionotidae noti dal Triassico Medio. La specie tipo S. aldae Tintori & Lombardo, 2007 e stata rinvenuta in depositi del Ladinico Superiore sia sul versante italiano che su quello svizzero del Monte San Giorgio. Una seconda specie, S. sui Lopez-Arbarello et al., 2011, del Pelsonico (Anisico Medio) di Luoping (Yunnan, Cina meridionale) ha esteso la distribuzione del genere nello spazio e nel tempo. In questo lavoro viene descritta Sangiorgioichthys valmarensis, una nuova specie di Sangiorgioichthys rinvenuta nella stessa unita da cui proviene la specie tipo (Kalkschieferzone, Calcare di Meride) del Ladinico Superiore dell'area del Monte San Giorgio. Il nuovo taxon differisce dalle specie gia note per la forma e la disposizione dei suborbitali, la forma dei denti e per numero di file e forma delle scaglie. La nuova specie di Sangiorgioichthys mostra come i Semionotidae fossero gia diffusi e diversificati durante il Triassico Medio, indicando come la loro radiazione esplosiva durante il Norico (Triassico Superiore) sia stata in realta preceduta da una prima fase di diversificazione durante il Triassico Medio.
Actinopterygii
Ladinian
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Starting in the Late Permian, the “Triassic osteichthyan revolution” gave rise to several new morphotypes of actinopterygians, including the iconic barracuda-shaped predator Saurichthys. About 50 species, from 10 cm to over 1.5 m long, are known from mainly marine deposits worldwide. Despite current interest in Saurichthys, freshwater species and those from late Middle to early Late Triassic remain understudied. We document the postcranial morphology of three small to mid-sized (15–45 cm) species from this timeframe represented by sufficiently complete individuals: Saurichthys orientalis Sytchevskaya, 1999, from lacustrine deposits of the Madygen Formation (late Ladinian/Carnian); S. striolatus (Bronn, 1858) from the fully marine Predil Limestone (early Carnian); and S. calcaratus Griffith, 1977, from the terrigenously influenced coastal environment of the Lunz Formation (middle Carnian). S. orientalis resembles early saurichthyids in having six rows of large, thick ganoid scales; fins with segmented lepidotrichia; and flank scales relating to dorsal vertebral elements as 1:2. S. calcaratus and S. striolatus share unsegmented fin rays and a reduced scale cover with well-ossified but narrow mid-dorsal and mid-ventral scales and small, thin flank scales, relating to the dorsal arcualia as 1:1. Ventral arcualia are first described for S. calcaratus and S. striolatus, where they change in shape and number at the abdominal-caudal transition. In all three species, force transmission to the tail fin is enhanced by the caudal peduncle strengthened by a stiff structure arising from interlocking or fusion of the last enlarged mid-dorsal and mid-ventral scales (scutes), while the vertebral column remains rather lightly built.
Actinopterygii
Ladinian
Postcrania
Dorsal fin
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