Relationship of Birth Gestational Age with the Ratio between IGF2 and IGF Binding Protein 3 in Blood Serum Beyond Influences of Gender, Small-For-Gestational-Age Status, Caesarean Section, Caloric Intake, and Predominant Breast Milk Feeding in the Not-Life-Threatened Newborn: Relevance of Parenteral Nutrition
Cesare TerziR VirdisWerner BlumS ZaniMarco RianiGabriele TridentiAndrea CerioliElena ChesiSergio BernasconiG Banchini
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Objective To study the neonatal umbilical cord blood of insulin-like growth factor 1(igf-1) and its binding protein(IGFBP-2) level,the analysis of the IGF-1,IGFBP 1 with gestational hypertension and the relationship between neonatal birth weight.Methods From May 2010to September 2012,a total of 109 cases of pregnancy pregnant women as the research object,including 20 cases of normal pregnant women,a mild preeclampsia women 35 cases,44 cases of severe preeclampsia in pregnant women,the ria method of detecting cord blood IGF-1,IGFBP 1 level,follow-up to delivery.Observation of pregnant women serum IGF-1,IGFBP 1 levels and birth outcome relevance.Results Gestational hypertension patients with neonatal cord blood IGF-1 body weight was significantly positive correlation,IGFBP 1 and negatively correlated with birth weight,and igf-1 was lower than those of normal group of pregnant women,IGFBP 1 level higher than normal group of pregnant women is negatively related to both.Conclusion Pregnancy pregnant women serum free igf-1 level plays an important role in the growth of the fetus,and is an early sign of the placenta function,is high blood pressure end of the signal,so the determination of IGF-1,IGFBP 1 is conducive to early prevention of hypertension illness severity.
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Objectives: Leptin, a hormone produced in adipose tissue and the placenta, is correlated with neonatal growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on cord blood leptin concentrations in term, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.Methods: Two groups of term, appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns were selected: 19 infants of smoking mothers and 91 infants of non-smoking mothers. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were taken and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results: Leptin concentrations were similar (p = 0.915) between the groups. Leptin levels correlated only with ponderal index (p < 0.01) and gestational age of the newborns (p < 0.05).Conclusions: This study indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy does not affect cord blood leptin levels in term, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.
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Prenatal multiple micronutrient (MM) supplementation improves birth weight through increased fetal growth and gestational age, but whether maternal or fetal growth factors are involved is unclear. Our objective was to examine the effect of prenatal MM supplementation on intrauterine growth factors and the associations between growth factors and birth outcomes in a rural setting in Bangladesh. In a double-blind, cluster-randomized, controlled trial of MM vs. iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation, we measured placental growth hormone (PGH) at 10 weeks and PGH and human placental lactogen (hPL) at 32 weeks gestation in maternal plasma (n = 396) and insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in cord plasma (n = 325). Birth size and gestational age were also assessed. Early pregnancy mean (SD) BMI was 19.5 (2.4) kg/m2 and birth weight was 2.68 (0.41) kg. There was no effect of MM on concentrations of maternal hPL or PGH, or cord insulin, IGF-1, or IGFBP-1. However, among pregnancies of female offspring, hPL concentration was higher by 1.1 mg/L in the third trimester (95% CI: 0.2, 2.0 mg/L; p = 0.09 for interaction); and among women with height <145 cm, insulin was higher by 59% (95% CI: 3, 115%; p = 0.05 for interaction) in the MM vs. IFA group. Maternal hPL and cord blood insulin and IGF-1 were positively, and IGFBP-1 was negatively, associated with birth weight z score and other measures of birth size (all p<0.05). IGF-1 was inversely associated with gestational age (p<0.05), but other growth factors were not associated with gestational age or preterm birth. Prenatal MM supplementation had no overall impact on intrauterine growth factors. MM supplementation altered some growth factors differentially by maternal early pregnancy nutritional status and sex of the offspring, but this should be examined in other studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00860470
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Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays an important role in the complex association between nutrition, growth, and maturation in extremely and very preterm infants. Nevertheless, in this population, research on associations between IGF-1 and nutrition is limited. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the possible associations between the course of IGF-1 levels and nutrient intake between preterm birth and 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA).87 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks gestational age were followed up to 36 weeks PMA. Actual daily macronutrient intake was calculated, and growth was assessed weekly. IGF-1 was sampled from umbilical cord blood at birth and every other week thereafter.There was an inverse relationship between the amount of parenteral nutrition in the second week of life and IGF-1. Total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, as well as total energy intake, primarily showed a positive association with IGF-1 levels, particularly between 30 and 33 weeks PMA. Gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and weight were significant confounders in the association between nutrient intake and IGF-1 levels.Parenteral nutrition was found to be a negative predictor of IGF-1 levels, and there could potentially be a time frame in which macronutrient intake is unable to impact IGF-1 levels. Future research should aim to narrow down this time frame and to gain more insight into factors enhancing or decreasing the response of IGF-1 to nutrition, e.g., age and inflammatory state, to align nutritional interventions accordingly.
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Prematurity is a known risk factor for hypoglycaemia, hyperglycemia, neonatal sepsis and other common neonatal complications, possibly associated with glucoregolatory hormone (insulin and glucagon) alterations. Insulin and glucagon levels change also in relation to gender, mode of delivery and postnatal clinical severity. Because of the lack of reference range in literature, the aim of this study is to assess plasma insulin and glucagon levels in preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants of birth weight <1500 g (very low birth weight, VLBW) as a function of gestation, birth weight, gender and mode delivery.The authors examined 48 preterm AGA infants (mean birth weight 1 163+/-286 g, mean gestational age 28.2+/-2.4 weeks). The infant population was subdivided in relation to gestational age, weight, gender, mode of delivery and assisted ventilation at 5-7(th) days. Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels were assessed in all newborns at birth and at 5-7(th) days of life. Data were analyzed using t-test.A negative correlation between insulin and gestational age was observed (P<0.05). At birth, no significant differences regarding plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels were observed as a function of the examined category variables. At the 5-7(th) days of life, insulin levels were significantly higher in newborns with gestational age =or<27 weeks (P<0.02), in the female gender (P<0.02) and in the infants born to emergency Cesarean delivery (P<0.05).These findings indicate potentially useful reference range values for plasma insulin and glucagon in the VLBW population.
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[corrected] A protective effect of breast feeding on the development of obesity has been clearly demonstrated. Several studies associated higher protein intake in postnatal period with the earlier "adiposity rebound" and the higher BMI in later life.Twenty eight girls born at 34th week of pregnancy (weight: 2.22+/-0.31 kg, length: 45.2+/-2.5 cm, BMI: 11.0+/-1.5 kg/m(2)), were subdivided in two groups differing in protein intake during the first postnatal month due to either breast feeding or formula feeding (113.5+/-18.7 g/month vs. 174.00+/-14.3 g/month; p<0.0001). Groups did not differ in average body weight, height and BMI at birth. Anthropometric and hormonal characteristics, body composition, energy and macronutrient intakes were determined at the age of 10 years in girls together with parental BMI. Association between the early postnatal nutrition and anthropometric and hormonal indexes at 10 years was evaluated. No significant differences between the groups in anthropometric and hormonal characteristics were found at 10 years except for IGF-1 which was significantly higher in the group with increased postnatal protein intake. Protein intake during the first postnatal month was not related to fat mass and leptin levels at 10 years. Protein intake during the first postnatal month significantly correlated with IGF-l level, BMI and body circumferences at 10 years. Postnatal fat intake correlates with body circumferences and IGF-1 and also with sagital diameter and leptin at 10 years.Early postnatal nutrition could encode IGF-1 in later life and this way may be involved in body size programming. Factor analysis revealed IGF-1 as a link between the postnatal energy and macronutrient intake and anthropometric indices and leptin at the age of 10 years.
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Background: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is primarily produced by the liver under the stimulation of growth hormone, and has systemic growth effects. Placental growth hormone in maternal circulation increases from early pregnancy and is responsible for the increment in maternal serum IGF-I. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in maternal serum IGF-I during pregnancy and their relationship to maternal anthropometry, including body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI). Methods: We obtained 332 blood samples from 114 expectant mothers at different gestational ages (Gas) without adverse medical history. Serum IGF-I levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay. Linear regression analysis for continuous variables and t test for comparisons of categorical variables were used to test for significance. Results: Maternal serum IGF-I during pregnancy was significantly correlated not only to GA (p < 0.001, r = 0.358), but also to maternal BW (p = 0.001, r = 0.202), and maternal BMI (p < 0.001, r = 0.263). The mean maternal IGF-I was highest in the third trimester [1st vs. 2nd, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −70.17 to −28.22; 1st vs. 3rd, p < 0.001, 95% CI = −138.02 to −76.94; 1st vs. 3rd, p < 0.001, 95% CI = −88.86 to −27.71]. Conclusion: Maternal serum IGF-I is significantly related to GA, maternal BW, and BMI during pregnancy.
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