Temporal Dynamics in Visual Perception
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This chapter starts out by contrasting the static image-processing tradition in vision research to the moving-observer tradition in ecological psychology. As visual neuroscience and computer vision began to test awake behaving monkeys and robots, respectively, instead of motionless observers, some of the most vexing problems of image processing melted away. Feedback projections from higher visual brain areas down to lower visual brain areas appear to exert a goal-oriented tuning of the perceptual process. Moreover, oculomotor processes are shown to play a role in perceptual decisions, suggesting a blurring of the lines between visual perception and visual cognition and visuomotor processes. The chapter focuses especially on visual search processes and simulations of linear increases in reaction time resulting from a parallel-processing model.Keywords:
Visual processing
Observer (physics)
Identification
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The perceptual repertoire of human beings develops over a lengthy period of time. In maturity the spatial senses operate in such a way as to afford a veridical account of the physical environment. The reliability of sensori-motor behaviour and the accuracy with which spatial judgements can be made testify strongly to this. When required to process information of certain kinds, however, distortions are evidenced. Straight lines appear curved, regular forms are misshapen and forms of similar shape seem different. Thus, the spatial senses which allow reliable judgements to be made of some spatial patterns fall to do so when faced with others. The most convincing theories proposed to account for distortions of this kind are based upon the assumption that experience of typical features of the spatial environment serves to modify perceptual organisation. An experimental and theoretical appraisal is made of the 'perspective ' theory, the 'carpentered world' hypothesis and the 'size-constancy' theories in particular and the 'inappropriate size-depth' theories in general. The conclusion drawn is that these attempts to explain the development of perceptual organisation are unsuccessful.
Spatial relation
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The complexity of human spatial experience is often taken for granted. According to Gibson, we perceive the world in a dynamic way (Gibson 1979), thus, due to the phenomenon of movement, perception is not static. Moreover perception itself involves a variety of senses: hearing, touch, smell, taste, sight, the kinaesthetic system (the ability to perceive and coordinate movement) and the vestibular system (the sense of balance). It is clear that pictures do not provide a multi-sensory experience (no smell, no sound, no humidity). Nevertheless, one must say that most of human perception is based on visual information processing, through sight. At the same time, the language of planners, designers and engineers is a form of abstraction, made of images and means of spatial visualization (such as maps) that must convey information and sometimes generate emotions. This paper provides an overview and outlook of research demonstrating the potential for using multisensory experience for the design, evaluation and assessment of landscape, facilitated by environmental simulation. Conventionally depicted visually, landscape is experienced as a multisensory phenomenon. Research has demonstrated that while visually dominated, all perception is multisensory. The most promising sensory modalities to investigate in combination are sound and vision. Simulation hardware, tools and techniques have reached the point where combining 3D landscape models and acoustic stimuli is achievable and affordable, with the potential to contribute significantly to the future of the planning and design process.
Stimulus modality
Sight
Soundscape
Representation
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Affordance
Dynamics
Sexual arousal
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If you fixate a single letter in a text, you will notice that it is impossible to identify a letter that is only a few letters away. This is caused by letters that flank this target letter. This is an example of the 'crowding' phenomenon, i.e. items that are close enough to each other interfere with each other in perception. In order to identify a crowded object, eye movements need to be made. This thesis is about the relationship between eye movements and crowding. This relationship has mainly been investigated using search tasks. These tasks revealed that on the one side, crowding affects eye movements. When exploring the visual environment, humans automatically adopt a strategy that takes the degree of crowding in the scene into account. With increasing strength of crowding, fixation durations increase and saccade amplitudes become shorter. On the other side, we found that making eye movements affects the perception of a crowded object. We found a surprising advantage: already during the preparation of an eye movement (before fixation of the object!) the perceptibility of a crowded object increases.
Crowding
Visual Search
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Similarity (geometry)
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Observer (physics)
Representation
Frame of reference
Visual processing
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