Evaluation of Some Essential Oils as Repellents to the Indian HoneybeeApis Cerana Indica1. Gustatory Repellency and Toxicity
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SummaryEssential oils were obtained by water distillation of seeds of ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.)) and leaves of chenopodium (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.)), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and lantana (Lantana camara L.). Oils were evaluated in the laboratory for gustatory repellency (CCR50) and stomach toxicity (LD50) to worker honeybees of A. c. indica using benzaldehyde as a reference standard. Oils of ajwan, citronella, chenopodium, lantana and eucalyptus respectively were 6·49, 5·95, 3·20, 1·31 and 0·69 times as repellent and 3·74, 1·15, 2·15, 1·10 and 1·36 times as toxic to bees as benzaldehyde. The order of safety to bees (ratio of LC50 to CCR50) was citronella (11·36) > ajwan (3·81) > chenopodium (3·27) > lantana (2·62) > benzaldehyde (2·19) > eucalyptus (1.11). On the basis of its high gustatory repellency, low toxicity and high margin of safety, citronella appears to be a promising candidate for further repellency tests.Keywords:
Lantana camara
Lantana
Lantana camara is primarily a bird-dispersed invasive plant species that has spread quickly across South Africa in disturbed areas. We re-examined the distribution of Lantana at Rodger and Twine's (2002) study site (R&T) in a highly grazed communal area and an adjacent conserved area in 2019. R&T found that Lantana was more common in the communal area than in the conserved area. Glyphosate herbicide was sprayed to suppress Lantana from 2016 to 2019 in the conserved area only. We re-examined the bird-dispersal hypothesis by surveying subcanopy and intercanopy environments. We found more Lantana in the subcanopy than in the intercanopy. There were more Lantana plants in the conserved area, but there were virtually none in the communal area. Most concerning was the apparent resprouting of Lantana despite herbicide application. We used sequential aerial photographs and found that there has been an increase in woody cover in the conservation area since 2013, which may exacerbate the problem with this invasive plant. We conclude that it is not communal grazing per se that causes the encroachment of Lantana, and that it has more do with the woody cover of native plants, as concluded by R&T.
Lantana camara
Lantana
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Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) (lantana) is a pantropical weed, affecting pastures, orchards, and native forests in about 70 countries worldwide (Day et al., 2003b). Lantana camara (sensu lato) is a composite species and is thought to have originated from two or more lantana species from tropical America. Dutch explorers introduced the plant into the Netherlands in the 1600s from Brazil (Stirton, 1977). It was then hybridized in glasshouses in Europe prior to its introduction to other countries as an ornamental.
Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbenaceae
Pantropical
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Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbenaceae
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Lantana camara
Lantana
Verbenaceae
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Lantana camara
Lantana
Noxious weed
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Lantana camara Linn. belonging to family Verbenaceae, an exotic ornamental perennial shrub native of tropical America has been introduced to most of the tropical and subtropical regions (Spies, 1984; Fuller and Mc Clintock, 1986). It is generally thought that it reached India in early half of the 19th century as an ornamental plant from Australia. It is categorized as one of the ten worst weeds of the world (Holm and Herberger, 1969; Sharma, 1994). Lantana camara has many common names including Lantana, lakana, wild sega, bunch-berri, lal phulanoo, kukri, punch phul buti etc. It is a poisonous but a highly decorative garden plant that has become an aggressive invader in India and elsewhere.
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Lantana
Verbenaceae
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The insect species introduced into Australia and South Africa as potential biological control agents of Lantana camara (lantana) were reviewed to determine factors that may have contributed to the high proportion of candidates that failed to establish on the plant. Fourteen of the 25 candidates deliberately introduced into Australia and five of the 15 introduced into South Africa have established. A greater proportion of candidates that were collected from L. urticifolia or L. tiliifolia established in Australia and South Africa than those collected from other Lantana species. DNA studies suggest that L. urticifolia and L. tiliifolia are more closely related to L. camara than other species of Lantana and therefore a candidate’s natural host may influence its establishment on L. camara. Some preference towards different lantana phenotypes has been observed in eight species, while there appeared to be no preference towards phenotypes in three species. Climate appears to be an influencing factor in the distribution of agents with only two species in Australia and South Africa being found in all lantana regions. The remaining species have distributions ranging from very localised to more widespread. The release methods used and the numbers of individuals released may have contributed to at least five species in Australia and up to eight in South Africa not establishing. The main factors influencing the establishment of agents on lantana appear to be: (a) the identity of the plant from which the potential agent had been collected; (b) the phenotype of lantana on which it had been released; (c) the climate of the area where it had been released and; (d) the release procedures used. Future research into the biological control of L. camara should consider addressing these areas which may result in greater establishment rates of candidates and better control of lantana.
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Lantana
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Lantana
Lantana camara
Noxious weed
Coptotermes
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Lantana (Lantana camara) has adverse effects on plant communities across Australia. Fire, sometimes recommended as a management strategy for Lantana, is likely to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on Lantana and native trees. It is therefore important to evaluate the regeneration of Lantana-invaded woody plant communities postfire. We examined the effect of Lantana removal by herbicide spray on both Lantana density and small tree (<5 cm diameter at breast height; DBH) attributes (abundance, height, DBH and diversity) in an area previously burnt. On a subset of the data, which was not sprayed, we also examined small tree attributes along a gradient of Lantana density. The herbicide treatment of postfire Lantana regrowth significantly reduced Lantana density compared to the areas left unmanaged by herbicide and increased the stem diameter of Celery Wood (Polyscias elegans). We found that, as Lantana stem density increased in no-spray plots, the abundance of Poison Peach (Trema tomentosa), Celery Wood, and Eucalyptus and allied genera (Angophora and Corymbia) decreased. In addition, height of wattles (Acacia irrorata and A. maidenii) increased with increasing Lantana density. As postfire regeneration of Lantana reduced abundance of some species, additional control of Lantana was required to assist community regeneration.
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