A study of fungal endophytes in leaves, stems and roots of Gynoxis oleifolia Muchler (Compositae) from Ecuador
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SUMMARY Leaf endophytic fungi were isolated from 1 to 12‐yr‐old leaves of mature trees and basal sprouts of coastal redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don ex Lamb.) Endl.] in a redwood forest in Central California. Almost all samples yielded at least one species. The two most frequent species were Pleuroplaconema sp. and Cryptosporiopsis abietina Petrak. Among isolated taxa are endophytic generalists, species previously known as pathogens and a possible specialist. Species composition in leaves of progressing age in single branches revealed a patchy pattern of leaf colonization without an obvious sequence of succession. Changes in diversity and equitability in the endophytic community with leaf age are linked with differential distribution of some species in young versus old leaves and the increase in species richness in 4‐ and 5‐yr‐old leaves. The endophytic communities from leaves of trees and sprouts were generally similar, but with important differences in species richness and in distribution of Pleuroplaconema sp. and Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Stey. Principal component analysis based on endophytic frequency also indicated closeness of trees and sprouts as groups, but clearly separated each tree from its sprout. Differential susceptibility between trees and sprouts to endophytic infection is suggested on the basis of their endophytic communities.
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Stylosanthes Sw. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Aeschinomeneae) is a leguminous genus widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the South American continent that has become increasingly important over the last two decades as a forage plant. The two most impor? tant species are S. guianensis Sw. and S. humilis H. B. K., both used as pasture legumes in Brazil and Australia. Some cultivars of S. guianensis are tolerant to drought and heavy grazing and have been adapted to grow over a wide range of tropical regions, thus reflecting the high genetic variability of this species.
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Quantitative estimates of frequencies of latent infections by Rhabdocline parkeri Sherw. on Douglas-fir were obtained by direct microscopy of cleared needles from three half-sib trees. The infections are intracellular and are confined to a single epidermal cell until the onset of needle senescence, a period of 2 – 5 years. Infection frequencies varied widely among trees but increase logarithmically with needle age on all three trees. Differences in infection frequencies among trees were not demonstrably related to levels of infestation by Contarinia spp., a needle-galling dipteran. Active colonization of the needle resumes at the onset of needle senescence, beginning with the production of haustoria in cells adjacent to the original infection sites. Rapid colonization of the needle and sporulation of R. parkeri coincide with needle abscission, occurring before substantial colonization of the needles by saprophytic fungi. Saprophytic fungi colonized needles rapidly following abscission, but R. parkeri was recoverable in culture from needles up to 35 days after abscission.
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Fungal endophytes from the leaves and twigs of Quercus ilex L. from England, Majorca and Switzerland
SUMMARY Leaves of Quercus ilex taken from sites in England, Majorca and Switzerland have been studied to detect the influence of the geographic position of the host within and outside its native range on the composition of its endophytic fungal assemblages. Samples of stem tissue of Q. ilex collected from the Swiss trees were also studied to confirm tissue‐specific differences. Sixty different fungal taxa were isolated, but only 28 were frequent. Of the total number of isolates from the leaves from the Swiss, British and Spanish sites 87%, 31% and 63%, respectively, were coelomycetes. Four species of Phomopsis , which includes Phyllosticta ilicina (= Phomopsis ilicina v. d. Aa, ined.), were the most frequent endophytes of leaves and were either absent or rare in the twig units. Two distinct kinds of sterile mycelia were common in twigs. Swiss and Spanish trees possessed fungal assemblages distinct from those present in Britain. Naturalized stands were distinguished from native stands by the presence of rather cosmopolitan and non‐specific fungal taxa, rare or absent in the samples collected in the native stands. Samples derived from the native stands were colonized by more host‐specific fungi. The relative frequency of two sterile mycelia in the Swiss and Spanish sites determined their separation. Phyllosticta (Phomopsis) ilicina , the most numerous leaf colonizer, was virtually absent from the bark and the xylem. The frequent occurrence of coelomycetes as endophytes of woody trees is briefly discussed.
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Loranthaceae
Hyphomycetes
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Endophytic fungi were isolated from five species of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs from 16 sites in western Oregon. Rates of infection were 76% for Mahonia nervosa, 44% for Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 37% for Gaultheria shallon, 29% for Mahonia aquifolium, and 25% for Umbellularia californica. Incidence of leaf infections by more than one fungal taxon was 20–56%, 72–90% of which had only two infections. Rates of overall infection were higher in samples taken from densely wooded sites than in samples taken from more open sites. A pattern of species dominance is seen where the most common endophyte of a given host is isolated less frequently from other hosts; less commonly isolated endophytes appear to be less host specific. The most commonly isolated endophytes include Phyllosticta pyrolae on A. uva-ursi and G. shallon, Leptothyrium berberidis on M. nervosa, Septogloeum sp. on M. nervosa and U. californica, and Phomopsis sp., predominantly on M. aquifolium, but present on all hosts. Some of the fungi isolated from evergreen shrubs in this study were previously isolated from conifer needles; however, most represent new records.
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AbstractAbstractA survey of the fungal endophytes in leaves of trees and saplings of Euterpe oleracea was carried out over two years. An average of 25% of the leaf discs taken from 10 trees and 10 saplings over four samplings were colonized by endophytic fungi. Overall fungal colonization was positively correlated with leaf age, plant growth stages, site, and the interactive effects of growth stage × season and growth stage × site. Fewer isolates were recovered from younger than from older leaves, and from trees than from saplings. Fifty-seven species and six familial taxa assigned mainly to the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina were isolated. Xylaria cubensis and Letendraeopsis palmarum were the most common species. Significant differences in the number of isolates of the 21 most frequent species were observed with respect to plant growth stages, season and site. A community ordination analysis showed that depending upon the host tissue, vein or intervein, trees and saplings located at different sites were characterized by distinct endophytic communities.Key Words: Amazon floodplainecologyendophytic fungiEuterpe oleraceatropical mycology
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