Effects of Solanum nigrum leaves water extract on the penetration and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
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A crude water extract of Solanum nigrum leaves was used as a chemical attenuate to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae prior to infection of Swiss female mice. Cercariae were exposed to 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/l concentrations of the extract for 30 min. The effect on the ability of cercariae to penetrate mice skin, as well as, effect on schistosome worm burden after 8 weeks of infection were measured. The observed reduction of cercarial penetration was significant at 7.5 and 10 mg/l concentrations (p < 0.001). The mean number of worm burden declined from 28.5 worms/ mouse in untreated group to 4.4 worms/mouse with 7.5 mg/l treatment (p < 0.01). At a concentration of 10 mg/l, mice had no adult worm. The cercarial infectivity, as measured by the proportion of worms recovered in relation to the number of cercariae administrated, decreased with the increase in the extract concentration and was significant at a concentration of 7.5 mg/l (p < 0.01). The number of schistosome eggs in hepatic tissue decreased in treated mice. The reduction in egg count (per gram liver) was significant at 5 mg/l (p < 0.05) and 7.5 mg/I (p < 0.001). The treatment with Solanum water extract had no effect on female fecundity. These data point to Solanum as a promising agent for the control of schistosomiasis.Keywords:
Infectivity
Solanum nigrum
Penetration (warfare)
Schistosoma
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Schistosoma
Freshwater mollusc
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Batch of freshly shed cercariae from infected laboratory bred Biomphalaria alexandrina were exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of turmeric extract for an hour and divided into two groups. The first one was to study the ultrastructural changes induced in them using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The second group was to study infectivity and pathogenicity of the exposed cercariae. One hundred and fifty mice were divided into 5 groups: GI: Infected by normal cercariae and served as controls; GII, GIII, GIV & GV infected by cercariae exposed to 2.5, 5, 7.5 & 10 ppm, respectively. Ten weeks post infection all animals were sacrificed and subjected to parasitologic, histopathologic and immunologic assays. SEM showed cercariae exposed to 5 ppm with minimal destruction of head spines and tail. The degenerative changes were progressively severe by increasing extract concentration to reach complete destruction of both at 10 ppm. Infectivity decreased with the increase in concentration to reach highest significance at 10 ppm. Pathogenicity or mean number of egg deposited, mean diameter of liver granulomas and level of IL-10 gene expression significantly decreased in Gs IV & V.
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It has been reported that pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) possess protective activity against schistosomal infection. The present paper deals with investigations on its active principle. In collaboration with the Institute of Materia Medica, Academia Sinica, about 80 extracts from pumpkin seeds were screened in experimentally infected mice for their activity.It was found that cucurbitine, a new amino acid, was the most active. With this active principle, a series of experiments was carried out on white mice. When mice, each infected with 58—62 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum, were administered daily per os with cucurbitine 350—400 mg/kg for 28 days since the day of infection, schistosomulae were much retarded in their development, with a worm reduction rate of 43.7—68.5％. When the same dosage was administered to infected mice 2—3 weeks after cxposure, the prophylactic activity was not evident. No difference in efficacy was observed among groups of mice infected with 20, 40, 60 and 100 cercariac. When mice, each infected with 40 cercariae, were treated 4 weeks later with cucurbitine (250 mg/kg×7 days+500mg/kg×21 days), adult worms were decreased in size and their reproductive organs were degenerated. But no dead worm was found. In infected mice treated with cucurbitine 4 weeks after exposure in the dosage of 350 mg/kg for 28 days, histochemical observations on RNA, DNA, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase of the worms showed no remarkable change. During the treatment, pathological lesions caused by cucurbitine on the host tissues were rather insignificant.
Cucurbita moschata
Pumpkin seed
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The infectivity of cercariae of the Saudi Arabian isolate of S. mansoni was found to be influenced by factors such as water temperature, salinity and pH. The optimum exposure temperature which resulted into the highest worm burdens and worm recovery rates in mice was 28 degrees C. However, the percentage infection rate was highest at a temperature range of 10 degrees to 34 degrees C. Mice were successfully infected with cercariae of S. mansoni at salinities of 0.5 to 6,400 mg/l. The highest worm burden and worm recovery rate occurred in mice infected by cercariae at a salinity of 100 mg/l, while the percentage infection rate was highest at a salinity range of 0.5 to 1,600 mg/l. Mice exposed to cercariae at the pH of 4.4 and 9.4 did not develop any infection. The percentage infection rate was highest in mice exposed to cercariae at a pH range of 6.4 to 8.4. However, both the worm burden and worm recovery rates were highest in mice at pH 5.4.
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Parasitic infection
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Water collected from trays containing Biomphalaria alexandrina infected with Schistosoma mansoni at the time of cercariae shedding (SmISW) and trays containing clean, non-infected, B. alexandrina (NISW) and underground water (UW), were filtered used as a drinking water for 3 groups of albino mice males. After two months, blood samples were collected from the 3 groups and serum was tested for anti-cercarial IgG, then mice were infected with 150 S. mansoni cercariae. Eight weeks after infection, mice were perfused and adult S. mansoni worms were counted. Anti-cercarial IgG was positive in 23 (82.1%) out of the 28 samples collected from mice drinking SmISW and only in 2 (9.5%) out of the 21 samples collected from mice drinking NISW, while all samples collected from mice drinking UW were negative for anti-cercarial IgG (X2=45.897; P<0.001). Worm load was significantly lower in the group of mice drinking SmISW than mice drinking NISW (P=0.032) and mice drinking UW (P=0.02). In mice drinking SmISW, adult worm count showed significant negative correlation with anti-cercarial IgG concentration (Kendall's taub =-0.325 and P=0.018). The results indicate that antigens present in drinking water stimulate a level of immunity against schistosomiasis, (inhabitants of endemic areas) resulting in a lower intensity and severity of infection. Also, it may reduce the specificity of serological tests used for diagnosis of Schistosoma infection, based on antibody determination.
Schistosoma
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Human schistosomiasis is one of the important diseases of helminth origin; it is among the most devastating infectious parasitic disease responsible for several deaths and economic losses amongst half of the world’s population. Control of schistosomiasis is solely dependent on chemotherapy. There is need to explore other control measures to interrupt the biology of the parasite. Solanum tuberosum had been used to control the intermediate host (snail) hence the choice of plant extracts to scientifically investigate the schistosomicidal efficacy. The mature leaves of Solanum tuberosum plant were collected from the potatoe research farm of National Root Crop Research Institute, Potatoe Programme, Kuru, Vom, and identified in the Federal College of Forestry, Jos, Nigeria. The Biomphalaria pfeifferi snail vectors were collected from the Miango Irrigation Ponds in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State and exposed to sun light for 45 minutes for cercarial shedding. Sixty (60) albino mice of eight weeks weighing between 18 and 25 g were divided into six Groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), Group 1-5 were used for the experiments while Group 6 served as control. The skinned suspended tails were then immersed in the test-tube containing 150 cercariae suspension for mice infections. Group 1 was administered 1.5 mg/ kg, (2) 3 mg/kg, (3) 6 mg/kg, (4) paraziquantel 60 mg/kg divided into two doses respectively while Group 5 was infected but not treated while 6 was the uninfected control and feaces examined after 14 days post-treatment for egg recovery. The mice in the untreated Group 5 post infection (19 days) had the highest number of Schistosoma mansoni ova.Keywords: Solanum tuberosum; S. mansoni; B. pfeifferi; cercariae; albino mice and paraziquantel
Solanum tuberosum
Eggs per gram
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The effects of exogenous glucose in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The mean percent survival of cercariae maintained in 1% glucose in ASW for 36 and 48hr was significantly greater than that of cercariae maintained identically in ASW. Cercariae maintained in ASW with or without glucose for 24hr, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, and stained in Oil Red O, showed an accumulation of neutral lipid in the tail. Cercariae maintained as described above and stained in periodic acid-Schiff exhibited depleted glycogen, mainly from the tail. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr did not resynthesize glycogen. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr were as capable of infecting male FVBN202 mice as were freshly emerged cercariae, and increased the percent of worm recovery. Exogeneous glucose added to ASW prolonged the survival of S. mansoni cercariae and increased infectivity in terms of worm recovery. Key words: Schistosoma mansoni, trematodes, cercariae, glucose, survival, infectivity
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The bioactivity of an ethyl acetate extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) towards Schistosoma mansoni adult pairs, both cultured in vitro and in vivo in laboratory mice, was investigated by monitoring worm mortality and fecundity. In vitro, a concentration of 200 mg l(-1) of extract killed almost all worms within 24 h. Male worms seemed more susceptible than female under these conditions. Cumulative egg output of surviving worm pairs in vitro was considerably reduced when exposed to the extract. For example, after 4 days of exposure to 50 mg l(-1), cumulative egg output was only 0.38 eggs per worm pair compared with 36.35 for untreated worms. In vivo efficacy of the extract was tested by oral and subcutaneous delivery of 150 mg kg(-1) followed by assessment of worm survival and fecundity. Neither delivery route produced any significant reduction in worm numbers compared with untreated controls. Worm fecundity was assessed in vivo by cumulative egg counts per liver at 55 days post infection with mice treated subcutaneously. Such infections showed egg levels in the liver of about 2000 eggs per worm pair in 55 days, in both treated and control mice, with no significant difference between the two groups. To ensure that density-dependent effects did not confound this analysis, a separate experiment demonstrated no such influence on egg output per worm pair, at intensities between 1 and 23 worms per mouse.
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Viral tegument
Schistosoma
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Objective To examine the anti-cercarial activity of garlic oil in different concentrations.Methods Garlic oil was extracted using distillation and prepared in different concentrations,the time different concentrations of garlic oil took to kill cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum was measured.Mice infected with the cercariae were treated with different concentrations of garlic oil in for 3 minutes.Forty-five days later,the mice were sacrificed and adult S.japonicum were counted.The infection rate and the worm reduction rate were calculated.A control group was given chloride-ion-free water.Results The stock solution of garlic oil killed the cercariae of S.japonicum in 1 s.A concentration of 10-2 killed cercariae in an average time of(2.4±0.54) s,a concentration of 10-3 did so in(28.4±4.24) s,a concentration of 10-4 did so in(60.6±3.43) s,a concentration of 10-5 did so in(387.0±19.05) s,and a concentration of 10-6 did so in(820.4±22.34) s.Different concentrations resulted in infection rates of 0,0,0,0,60.00%,and 80.00%.The rate of infection for the control group was 100%.Conclusion Garlic oil has the ability to kill the cercariae of S.japonicum.
Garlic Oil
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