Toxicology Study of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Reduced Graphene Oxide in Human Sperm
Waseem AsgharHadi ShafieeVanessa VelascoVasu R. SahShirui GuoRami El AssalFatih İnciAdhithi RajagopalanMuntasir JahangirRaymond M. AnchanGeorge L. MutterMihrimah OzkanCengiz S. OzkanUtkan Demirci
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Carbon-based nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide are currently being evaluated for biomedical applications including in vivo drug delivery and tumor imaging. Several reports have studied the toxicity of carbon nanomaterials, but their effects on human male reproduction have not been fully examined. Additionally, it is not clear whether the nanomaterial exposure has any effect on sperm sorting procedures used in clinical settings. Here, we show that the presence of functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT-COOH) and reduced graphene oxide at concentrations of 1-25 μg/mL do not affect sperm viability. However, SWCNT-COOH generate significant reactive superoxide species at a higher concentration (25 μg/mL), while reduced graphene oxide does not initiate reactive species in human sperm. Further, we demonstrate that exposure to these nanomaterials does not hinder the sperm sorting process, and microfluidic sorting systems can select the sperm that show low oxidative stress post-exposure.Graphene have attracted wide attention for its unique characteristics(e.g.electronic,thermal,mechanical etc.).Graphene oxide not only possesses the intrinsic properties of graphene but also contains many oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl,epoxy,carboxyl and carbonyl groups.Those oxygen-containing functional groups may improve the adsorbability of graphene oxide to gases which is advantageous for its gas sensing properties.In this investigation,graphene oxide was synthesized by a modified Hummer's method.The gas sensing properties of the as-prepared graphene oxide to NH3was then investigated.The results indicate that graphene oxide exhibited excellent sensitivities to NH3 with a well linearly relationship ranging from 1.5×10-4 to 3.5×10-4.
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A facile method for the synthesis of highly fluorinated reduced graphene oxide from graphene oxide using BF3-OEt2 solution and alkylthiol/alkylamine on the Gram scale has been described using a detailed mechanism. The maximum fluorination was as high as 38 wt% and the fluorinated reduced graphene oxide produced has great wettability and high insulating properties.
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First, the florescence emission mechanism of graphene oxide will be discussed. Second, fluorescence of graphene oxide can be tuned by tailoring functional groups. Third, graphene oxide-based sensors can be designed with graphene oxide either as an energy donor or as an energy acceptor. Fourth, graphene oxide-based sensors have been sued to detect heavy metal and biomarkers.
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Graphene oxide was synthesized using modified Hummer’s method and assembled in solution and solid surface.The FT-IR、UV-Vis、TGA and SEM were employed to characterize the obtained Graphene oxide and its assemblies.FT-IR showed that the Graphene oxide has oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxy,carboxyl,epoxide and carbonyl group.UV-Vis spectra imply the influence of particle size and the pH values on the Graphene oxide dispersion.TGA measurements further confirmed the existence of these functional groups in Graphene oxide.SEM observation showed the micro morphology of the Graphene assembly from solution.
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This letter reports the one-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 composites. By the electrostatic interaction of exfoliated graphene oxide and Fe3+ ions, graphene oxide/Fe3+ ions were prepared in a diethylene glycol. In situ formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on graphene oxide sheets and reduction of graphene oxide were then achieved simultaneously by the thermal decomposition reaction of Fe(acac)3 at high temperature. This synthetic method enables control over the phase of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on graphene sheets, further preventing restacking of the graphene sheets and aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. By controlling the mass ratio of Fe(acac)3 and graphene oxide, a series of reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 composites were prepared. Magnetic properties of the reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 composites are investigated.
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Chemically modified graphene has been studied in many applications due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Among the chemically modified graphenes, reduced graphene oxide is the most important for its structure and properties, which are similar to pristine graphene. Here, we introduce an environment-friendly approach for preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets through the reduction of graphene oxide that employs L-cysteine as the reductant under mild reaction conditions. The conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets produced in this way increases by about 106 times in comparison to that of graphene oxide. This is the first report about using amino acids as a reductant for the preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, and this procedure offers an alternative route to large-scale production of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for applications that require such material.
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The local atomic structure of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced annealed graphene oxide (raGO) is determined via ultra-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We find that the proposed and desired return to graphene from GO is not possible through the synthetic route employed. The detailed structure of GO, previously unknown, is revealed as mottled, with few square nanometer graphitic regions separated by highly oxidized regions.
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Oxidation time and exfoliated conditions of graphite oxides (GOs) were investigated to prepare few–layer graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide via a modified Hummers approach. Different oxidative degree of GOs was prepared by changing oxidation time, and the effects of oxidative degree of GOs in different oxidation time were studied by XRD, FT-IR. Afterwards, highly oxidized GOs were used as precursor to prepare graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide by ultrasonic dispersion method and thermal expansion method. The exfoliated conditions (ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time, thermal exfoliated temperature) were investigated to prepare few-layered graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.
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Micrometric foils of graphene oxide are prepared in the laboratory starting from water dispersed solution of graphene oxide at low concentration. Measurements on five physical properties have been performed in the foils of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. The reduction is obtained thermally, using IR and UV laser irradiations and MeV helium ion beam irradiations at different fluence. The parameters such as the atomic composition, the mass density, the surface roughness, the wetting ability, and the electrical conductivity are investigated. This last parameter assumes different values for the pristine graphene oxide foils and for the reduced ones. Comparison of experimental measurements with the literature data and the results and discussion are presented.
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