Effect of accelerated aging on protein synthesis in two legume seeds
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Abstract The majority of the methods, presently used for determining the botanical composition of mixed forages, are complicated, time consuming, and seldom accurate. The increasing interest in research on grass/legume forage mixtures gives rise to the need for accurately surveying the botanical composition available to the grazing animals. The purpose of this report is to describe a simple, accurate, and rapid method for determining the legume foliage composition in a grasslegume mixture. Pinitol (l‐D‐3‐0‐methyl‐ chiro ‐inositol) was isolated from forage legumes, grown in the greenhouse and field plots, and determined to be unique to the Leguminosae family. Since pinitol occurs only in the legume fraction of a grass‐legume forage mixture, the legume composition is directly proportional to the pinitol concentration in the 80% ethanolic extract of the dried ground foliage mixture. Contrary to carbohydrates, pinitol concentration in legume foliage has been determined to be relatively stable over a normal daily range of environmental conditions and each stage of plant growth. The procedure was evaluated by determining the alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) component of a greenhouse grown alfalfa‐fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) mixture over a range of concentrations and found to accurately estimate the actual legume composition (r 2 = 0.989). This method could be easily adapted for use in quantifying the legume composition in animal diets collected by esophageal fistulated animals.
Festuca
Festuca arundinacea
Medicago
Medicago sativa
Fodder
Trefoil
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Knowledge of legume N production and legumeffects on subsequent crop yield and quality is necessary to encourage legume use instead of the traditional fallow on set‐aside land. Objectives of these studies were to: (i) compare seeding‐year herbage and N yields five forage legume species, (ii) determine soil NO 3 ‐N status in the spring following green‐manure legume crops, and (iii) evaluate effects of green‐manure legumes on grain yield, grain yield components, and N nutrition of the subsequent wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop when fertilized with 0, 75, and 150 kg N ha −1 . Field experiments were conducted on a Fargo silty clay (fine, montmorilloritic, frigid Vertic Haplaquoll) at Fargo and on a Perella‐Bearden silty clay loam (fine‐silty, mixed, frigid Typic Haplaquoll, fine‐silty, frigid Aeric Caiciaquoll) near Prosper, ND, during 1984 to 1986. All legume species had equal herbage and N yields across the four environments and were greater than the wheat‐straw check. Accumulated legume herbage and fall regrowth were incorporated into the soil in late fall. Spring soil NO 3 ‐N following Terra Verde alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) and hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) was equal to the fallow check and greater than the soil NO 3 ‐N following the wheat check or other legume species. Grain yield, grain N, and N uptake of unfertilized wheat following the legume treatments generally were similar to those following fallow and wheat fertilized with 150 kg N ha −1 . Increases in all grain yield components following legumes contributed to this yield advantage. Efficiency and utilization of N generally were greater following a green‐manure crop than following either fallow or wheat checks. This study suggests that green‐manure legumes should be considered as an alternative to fallow on set‐aside land in higher moisture areas.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
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ABSTRACT Efficient detection of spatial legume dry matter (DM) contribution in legume–grass mixtures is of great importance for targeted management of legume‐based swards. Legume coverage may be an appropriate indicator for the contribution of legumes, because it can be assessed by on‐the‐go systems with digital image analysis (DIA). To examine the perspectives of DIA a pot experiment, under controlled conditions, was conducted across a wide range of legume species (white clover [ Trifolium repens L.], red clover [ Trifolium pratense L.], and alfalfa [ Medicago sativa L.]), legume proportion (0–800 g kg −1 ), and growth stage (start of tillering to start of heading). In this study, an advanced procedure for the determination of legume DM contribution by DIA is suggested. The DIA procedure comprises the analysis of color images and applies an advanced function to predict legume DM contribution from legume coverage by considering total sward biomass. This resulted in an accurate prediction of legume contribution (grams per kilogram) with R 2 of 0.90, 0.94, and 0.93 for red clover, white clover, and alfalfa, respectively. For validation, swards of a field experiment were used. It showed that legume detection is possible, but for practical field application some further adjustments are necessary.
Red Clover
Trifolium repens
Medicago sativa
Medicago
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Synopsis In irrigated pasture studies with yearling steers, grass‐legume mixtures produced greater beef yields per acre and higher average daily gains than grasses. Cattle that grazed the grass‐legume pastures attained a higher degree of finish than those on the grass pastures. The ability of alfalfa to withstand grazing was shown by the high percentage of this legume in the pastures at the end of 3 years of grazing.
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Crop Rotation
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Abstract In exploratory trials involving the underplanting of the perennial pasture legumes Coronilla varia, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago sativa in maize, the influence of maize density, time of planting of the legume and time of maize removal on legume establishment was assessed. The results indicate that planting between maize rows spaced 900 mm apart is a feasible method of establishing moderately shade‐tolerant legumes in the local environment. Legume establishment was favoured by early planting of the legume and early removal of the maize crop at the silage stage. It is tentatively concluded that a cover crop density of 25 000 to 30 000 maize plants/ha is satisfactory. The trials extended over only two seasons and the results are thus indicative rather than definitive.
Lotus corniculatus
Medicago sativa
Medicago
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Fixed nitrogen accumulated by legumes is the main nitrogen source for organic farming systems. Knowledge about the amount of fixed nitrogen, its pathways into forage yield, crop residues, soil-N and yield formation of the following crop is needed for designing crop rotations.
In a field experiment conducted in Northern Germany differently managed (cut, mulched) legumes (red clover, alfalfa, white clover) in pure stands and in mixture with a companion grass (Lolium perenne) have been grown to determine Yield, forage-quality, N2-fixation and residue nitrogen.
Cropped grass/legume reached higher N2-fixation than mulched. While green manure grass/legume left up to 296 kg ha-1 of N in mulch, stubble and roots on the field, most cropped grass/legume mixtures left less than 120 kg N ha-1 in crop residues. Cropped swards showed higher N2-fixation than the mulched mixtures. Swards with red clover or alfalfa reached higher legume contents and harvestable biomass than swards with white clover.
Conclusions
The results show that biomass production, forage yields, residue nitrogen and N fixation of grass/legume mixtures can be influenced by various combinations of legume species and management. The factors listed have to be considered carefully when planning crop rotations.
Red Clover
Crop Residue
Trifolium repens
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Properties of four common legume protein isolates were studied,including legume include mung bean,red bean,soy bean,and kidney bean.Heat-induced denaturalization and gelation of these legume protein isolates were detected by using Differential Scanning Caloriumetry,Rheometer,and Texture Properties Analysis.The results indicated that the difference of these legume protein isolates.The order of diversified beans gelations hardness was:kidney beanmung beansoy bean red bean.Microstructure of heated and unheated protein isolates were observed by Atomic Force Microscopy.Compared with unheated protein,heated aggregation made the protein linked each other.
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Synopsis A simple legume‐grass mixture was more productive than a grass + N mixture in 1958 but less productive in 1959, following legume depletion due to winter‐killing. A low rate of nitrogen applied to depleted legume‐grass swards was economically superior to high rates on either legume‐depleted or all‐grass pastures, but especially the latter. Results over the 5‐year period suggest the desirability of seeding simple legume‐grass mixtures with limited nitrogen amendments after legume depletion rather than seeding of either complex or all‐grass mixtures.
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