Silicon Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Mangrove (Avicennia marina) in Relation to Cadmium Compartmentation
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Avicennia marina
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Plant Physiology
In year 2013, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia indicates that 29% or 1,394 km out of 4,809 km of the country’s coastline are facing erosion. The coastal erosion had caused 1% of mangrove forest area to continue decline each year. Although mangroves were affected by the erosion but the erosion rate was reduces in the area which mangroves inhabited. Hence,researchers had conducted studies on wave dissipation process in mangrove forest structure that concentrated at west coast of the Malaysia peninsular. Contrarily, this study had taken different approach by investigating on a sole mangrove trees structures at east coast of Malaysia peninsular. The study were focused in the geometrical properties of the mangrove roots and the water flow structure within the mangrove roots area of the Avicennia marina (A.marina) and Rhizophora apiculata (R. apiculata) mangrove species. The roots properties were investigated by conducting a field work at Pantai Marina,Kemaman where the geometrical coordinate of each roots of A. marina and R.apiculata species were collected using grids. Henceforth, a 2D model of the mangrove roots was constructed using meshing software. The simulations were conducted in Computational Fluid Dynamic software using unsteady Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model, water liquid material and by setting the velocity inlet in boundary condition to 6 m/s. From the investigation, it was found that the mangrove roots tend to grow around the mangrove primary trunk which facing the direction of the water traveled. It had been observed that there was large density of mangrove roots within the distance 100 cm to 150 cm from the primary trunk. The simulation result shows that mangrove roots were capable to decrease the initial velocity 6 m/s of water flow to almost 2 m/s. The breakwater model also shows that the geometrical coordinate and the distance between structures were related to the velocity deficit rate. Each structure was arranged in zigzag pattern and the distance of the structure was placed within the maximum range of three times of the structures cross section diameter to create optimum velocity dissipation rate. Thus, the study had found that both mangrove roots and the breakwater models were capable reducing the velocity to 60 %. The velocity deficit also was related to the roots density, structure and coordination. Henceforth, the finding could contribute to the future construction of breakwater along the coastline in order to overcome the current coastal erosion problem or in the near future.
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Avicennia
Aerial root
Rhizophora
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Avicennia
Baseline (sea)
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Based on satellite images from all study sites along the east coast of Qatar, natural mangroves cover an area of 797.6 ha while planted stands cover 182.9 ha. On the west coast planted mangroves cover a small area of about 1 ha only, probably due to high salinity of seawater and contaminated sediments. The density of Avicennia marina trees in natural mangroves, at the upper tidal level is about 2800/ha, and slightly higher at the middle mangroves (about 3050/ha). In general after several replanting works over the past 23 years, planted mangroves also showed robust stands, with tree density ranging from 1,100/ha to 2,100/ha. However on the west coast tree density of planted mangroves is very low at 200/ha and restricted only to the middle tidal zone. In natural mangroves tree height ranges from 1 to 6m while in planted stands, from 1 to 3m only. On the west coast, the mangroves are stunted, with maximum tree height of 1m, probably due to high seawater salinity especially in summer where it can reach 59.1. Seedling density is also high (ranging from about 933/ha to 1,466/ha) in natural and planted mangroves on the east coast, but absent in planted stand on the west coast. On the east coast natural mangroves produced abundant pneumatophores, with density ranging from 86/ m2 to 516/ m2 while in planted mangroves the density is lower, and ranges from 88/m2 to 308/ m2. Planted mangroves performed poorly on the west coast with low pneumatophore density (30/m2). In general pneumatophore density is higher in the middle mangroves than in the upper mangroves to facilitate efficient gaseous exchange during low tide.
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Rhizophora mucronata
Aerial root
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Abstract The mangrove forests in Indonesia are starting to decrease over time because there is still a lack of knowledge among people around the coast about the importance of mangroves. Kampung Nelayan, Medan Belawaan, is a coastal community area whose life is very dependent on coastal, mangrove, and water resources. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has the potential to provide a fast, cost-effective, and efficient mangrove mapping technique. It is very useful because mangrove areas are located in remote areas, where field measurements are difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. The objective of this study is to analyze mangrove species using UAV imagery with Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification. The object-based classification result for the overall accuracy is 82.94% where there are 7 classes of mangrove species based on the classification process, including: Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinialis, Avicennia Marina, Rhizopora apiculata, Nypah fruticans, Scyphipora hydrophylacea, Bruguiera gymnorriza . There are also two classes for non-mangrove, consisting of the water body and non-mangrove. The largest area of mangrove species in the research site is Avicennia Marina with a percentage of 33.86% covering an area of 7.80 Ha. The second-largest mangrove species with a percentage of 21.88% is Avicennia officinalis with an area of 5.04 Ha.
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Experimental brushparks were constructed in the Negombo Estuary using branches and twigs of six manrove and two non-mangrove species to investigate whether these materials had any effect on fish yielck. It was observed that amongst the manroves, highest yields were obtained with Avicennia marina; lowest yields were with Excoecaria agallocha and Sonneratia caseolaris. The yields from non-mangrove Syzgium corymbosa brushparks were similar to those of the mangrove species A. marina. It is suggestel that utilization of mangrove species such as A. marina, rather than E. agallocha, and non-mangrove species such as S. cumini, could not only maximize yields but also prevent the denudation of mangrove forests.
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Avicennia
Aerial root
Sri lanka
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Indonesia's coastal areas have a large area and potential for mangrove ecosystems. Of the approximately 15,900 million ha of mangrove forests in the world. 27% or 4,293 million ha are in Indonesia. The Sicanang Medan Belawan mangrove forest, North Sumatra Province, is a wetland area which mostly consists of mangrove forests. In the mangrove forest, there are Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba species. Mangroves have unique morphological characters as a form of adaptation to the environment, one of which is the salinity of sea water which is the level of salinity or salt content in seawater. In the mangrove forest of Sicanang Medan Belawan, there are Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba species which have the characteristics of vivivar culture development. From the results of test 1 on the species Rhizopora apiculata, it was found that the highest salinity level at the muddy and sandy station was 30 ppm, and the highest pH was at 7.79, and at a temperature of 29 C. While for Avicennia alba the highest salinity value was obtained at 30.6 ppm, the highest pH was at 7.82. , and temperature at 29.5 C. Based on the results that different zoning could affect yield, the vivivary shape of mangroves also had an effect on yield. salinity affects mangroves to develop, the higher the salinity, the more difficult it is for the seeds to develop
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Avicennia
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The mangrove forests play a significant role as sediment traps. They reduce tidal flows and induce sedimentation of soil particles at low tide. However, there are no such processes taking place in the non-mangrove areas. Site of Avicennia-Rhizophora interphase is more efficient than Avicennia and or Rhizophora zones, in trapping the sediment by 30, 25 and 20% respectively at low tide as compared to high tide.
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Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina) in Sydney Olympic Park and nearby areas in eastern Australia appears to have been struggling to cope with climate change, particularly from extreme temperature events. This claim is based on the results of a 10-year study on the phenology of the Grey Mangrove, which was prompted by some prior observations that these mangroves had been flowering heavily, but had not been fruiting as successfully as they had in previous years.
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Langkat Regency has the largest mangrove forest in North Sumatra. Lubuk Kertang Langkat Village from 2014 to 2018 there has been an increase in the area of mangrove forest by 69.3 Ha. Mangroves 2014-2016. By collecting data on the pattern of mangrove distribution zones in the mangrove area, it will reduce changes in the area of the mangrove area, so that the possibility of distribution of mangroves in the Langkat Regency area is known. Remote sensing using Citra Landsat 8 is part of the way to determine the distribution of mangroves. The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of mangrove zones in the Langkat area using Citra Landsat 8. The research results found that there were 18 types of mangrove plants in Langkat district, namely Avicennia marina, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia alba, Rizophora apiculate, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia rumphiana, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rizophora rumphiana, Aigeceras hydrophyliacea, Scyhiphora hydrophylicea, Avicenniam marina, Scyphiphora hydrophyliacea, Soneratia alba, Aigeceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculate, Rhizophora mucronata. the type of mangrove plant that ranks first is Rhizophora where this plant has the highest species density value of all existing mangrove species, which is equal to 900 Ind/400m. Rhizophora is a type of mangrove plant that has a fruit length of 1.9 cm, an average of 52 cm, and a fruit weight of 56 gr. The pattern of distribution of mangrove plants in groups is based on the tendency of mangrove species to inhabit their preferred environment.
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Abstract The New Zealand mangrove, Avicennia marina var. resinifera, grows close to the latitudinal limit of mangroves. Nevertheless, litter‐fall studies in Tuff Crater, Auckland (36°48' S, 174°45' E), using litter‐fall bag and plot techniques, indicate that the mangroves are very productive. Litter fall beneath 2 distinct growth forms of the mangrove is seasonal, with peak fall at the time of fruit production in summer. Beneath the taller mangroves of the creek banks (3.5–4.0 m tall) annual total dry weight of litter fall is estimated as 8.10±2.74 t ha‐1 a‐1, whereas beneath the lower, stunted mangroves of the flats (<1.0 m tall), the total is estimated as 3.65 t ha‐1 a‐1. The values from the taller mangroves are higher than litter fall recorded beneath Avicennia at similar latitudes in Australia, and lie within the range reported from mangroves in Queensland, Florida, and elsewhere. They suggest that, in terms of litter, mangroves may be one of the most productive forest types in New Zealand. The rate of decomposition of mangrove leaves, using the litter bag technique, was rapid, with half of the ash‐free weight being lost in 6–8 weeks. Differences between decomposition rates in summer and in winter appear to be small, and site‐specific differences were not discernible. Key words: Avicennia marina var. resinifera Avicenniaceaebiological productiondegradationdetrituslittermangrove swamps
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