Abstract:
In section 1.1.4 we saw that the nucleolus comprises a fibrillar and a granular zone, each containing RNA and ribonucleoproteins. There is some DNA present in the fibrillar (inner) zone. The ribonu-cleoproteins are non-histones, which means they are acid. Both Papanicolaou's and Romanowsky— Giemsa's staining methods show the presence, form and number of nucleoli quite clearly. In Papan-icolaou's method they are either red or blue (depen-ding on the pH of the fixative and of the staining baths). In Romanowsky—Giemsa's they are all shades of blue.Keywords:
Giemsa stain
Metachromasia
The nucleolus is a nuclear subcompartment with a well-defined function in ribosomal RNA transcription and assembly of ribosomal subunits. However, the nucleolus is multifunctional and involved in processes as diverse as regulation of mitosis, cell proliferation and viral infection. There is increasing evidence that, in addition to ribosomes, several different ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles assemble or mature in the nucleolus, including the signal recognition particle (SRP) or viral RNPs. Here we discuss recent findings from mammalian and yeast cells that specific localized mRNAs or proteins that associate with localized mRNAs can accumulate in the nucleolus under particular conditions. Experimental evidence derived from studies on the nucleolar accumulation of yeast ASH1 mRNA and of cytoplasmic retention of its binding protein She2 are integrated into a hypothetical model that suggests a novel role of the nucleolus in the assembly of specific mRNPs.
Messenger RNP
Signal recognition particle
Ribonucleoprotein particle
ribosome biogenesis
Transcription
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Ribonucleoprotein particle
Immunofluorescence
Immunoprecipitation
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Background: This study was planned to compare and evaluate the staining efficacy of Leishman–Giemsa cocktail (LG), Papanicolaou, and Giemsa stain (G) in potentially malignant disorders and malignant lesions. Aims: To evaluate the quality of nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of LG with G, and rapid Papanicolaou stain (Pap) and to compare the total staining efficiency of LG against G and P. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty participants were studied under three groups – 60 as healthy controls, 60 with potentially malignant disorders, and 60 with malignant lesions; smears were taken thrice from the buccal mucosa. One smear was fixed with Bio-Fix spray and other two smears were allowed to air dry for 2–3 minutes. Then, the ethyl alcohol-fixed smear was stained with Pap and the two other air-dried smears were stained with G and LG stains. Analysis was done using Friedman test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with SPSS Version 15.0. Results: In the normal group, staining of LG was highly significant (P < 0.001). Among potentially malignant lesions, LG was observed to be highly significant (P < 0.001) when compared with G and was not significant when compared with Pap (P = 0.186). In the malignant group, LG was highly significant (P < 0.001). LG was superior with the highest average staining score of (2.018) than Pap and G. Conclusion: LG cocktail is a better stain with excellent cytoplasmic and nuclear staining intensity compared to Pap and G stains.
Giemsa stain
Stain
Papanicolaou Test
Bethesda system
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Giemsa stain
Stain
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The main purpose for studying cytological body fluids is confirmation of a benign or malignant effusion. Our cytology laboratory analyzes body fluids and results are requested urgently. The samples are stained by the Giemsa and Papanicolaou methods to give a preliminary report, then they are examined by other complementary techniques. Three hundred thirty samples of pleural and peritoneal fluids were studied to compare the sensitivity of Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains. AgNOR assay, immunocytochemistry and assessment of ploidy were used to improve the sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis. Two hundred one samples were positive, 84 negative and 45 inconclusive using the Papanicolaou stain, while 135 samples were positive, 72 negative and 123 inconclusive using Giemsa stain. The sensitivity was 79%, 53% and 83% for Papanicolaou, Giemsa, and both techniques together, respectively. Using complementary techniques, the sensitivity reached 95% for AgNOR, 87% for tumor markers (panel), and 92% for Ploidy. There were no false positive in our series; therefore specificity was 100%. The use of both Papanicolaou and Giemsa in conjunction increased the sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis in body fluids. The complementary methods, especially AgNOR assay and assessment of ploidy, diminished the number of inconclusive cases.
Giemsa stain
Cytopathology
Stain
Papanicolaou Test
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To develop an economical, quick, readily available and simple alternative to May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain and so to explore the combination of Leishman and Giemsa stain (LG cocktail).One wet-fixed and 2 air-dried smears were prepared from 720 cases during the period January 2003-November 2004. The LG cocktail and MGG stain were used on the air-dried smears and Papanicolaou stain in wet-fixed smears. Diagnoses of the cases were made using the LG cocktail-stained smears, and then its diagnostic efficacy was cross-checked with the MGG- and Papanicolaou-stained smears by the same cytopathologist. A comparative study of the LG cocktail and MGG-stained smears was done.The results achieved with the LG cocktail-stained smears were comparable to or even better than those with the MGG-stained smears, with excellent diagnostic efficacy.As compared to MGG stain, the 1-step LG cocktail is cheaper, easier to standardize and quicker.
Giemsa stain
Stain
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Introduction: Although the skin is more readily accessible to the cytological examination than any other organ, cytodiagnosis is much less frequently used in dermatology. Tzanck smears are routinely stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain. But, Papanicolaou (PAP) stain is known to yield polychromatic transparent staining with crisp nuclear and cytoplasmic features. Aim: To compare the staining characteristics of PAP stained and MGG stained Tzanck smears by using a scoring system. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross- sectional study on Tzanck smears, conducted at a tertiary care referral Institute, PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (PESIMSR), Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India, from March 2016 to April 2017. In each case, two Tzanck smears were prepared. One smear was wet-fixed in isoproplyl alcohol and stained by PAP method. The other smear was air-dried and stained by MGG stain. Both the smears were evaluated for the staining characteristics by using a scoring system. The scoring system was indigenously designed for evaluating the stained sections. All the staining parameters such as contrast, cytoplasmic features, nuclear features and background were evaluated in the scoring system employed in the present study. Chi-square test and two sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Forty cases of Tzanck smears were analysed. Most common diagnostic entity was cutaneous infections in 18 cases (45%). The average scores of all the parameters of staining characteristics and the overall score were better in PAP stained smears than MGG stained smears. The p-values were statistically significant. Conclusion: PAP stain may be considered as a behooveful stain for the evaluation of Tzanck smear. It may be suggested that, although the PAP stained smears scored better than MGG statistically, both the stains may be used as complementary to each other.
Giemsa stain
Stain
Bethesda system
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Ribonucleoprotein particle
Nucleoprotein
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Ribonucleoprotein particle
Messenger RNP
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Ribonucleoprotein particle
Nucleoprotein
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Citations (124)