Comparison of jaw tracking by single video camera with 3D electromagnetic system
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The closing arguments of trials in adversarial legal systems are important sites of investigation both for discourse analysis in general and for forensic linguistics specifically. During the closing arguments, two speakers take the same people, events, and evidence, and create two opposing representations for the same audience. Understanding how this occurs can reveal how speakers' goals and belief systems affect their use of language. Additionally, these discourses are both persuasive and argumentative, thus providing a prime opportunity to study how such discourses are linguistically created. In addition to these aspects, closing arguments are especially interesting for forensicdiscourse analysis for several other reasons. First, the closing arguments are the lawyers' final chances to convince the judge or jurors that theirs is the best account of what really happened; the last chance to put together their most complete and coherent "master narrative" (Gibbons 2003: 155) of the crime, investigation, and the trial. Second, the lawyers produce their argument without having to interact with witnesses. Thus, the arguments are free of outside influences which could affect the lawyers' discourses and language use. Finally, unlike during the examination of witnesses, in the closing arguments lawyers now get to speak directly to the people they are trying to convince. Research into closing arguments has taken two general focuses: what information ormessage is included, that is, the ideational content (Halliday 1978) and how lawyers negotiate their interpersonal relationships, that is, the construction of the speaker's role through modality, person, voice (Bakhtin 1981), footings (Goffman 1981b), style, etc. (Halliday 1978). Section two of this chapter presents a discussion of research on the ideational content of closing arguments, specifically the work that has been done on the ways in which lawyers create opposing discourses when starting from the same people and events. The third section in this chapter discusses research that has shown that in the closing arguments lawyers must manage multiple aspects of their identity: both their position of authority and their similarities to the jurors. In section four, I then present an analysis of lawyers' use of quotations to show how a single forensic discourse analysis can explore both the ideational and interpersonal aspects of closing arguments. The finalsection provides a summary of the results of this analysis and directions for further research.
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The purpose of this paper is to show the subjects of retaining elementary schools by revealing the cause of them closing down.The results are summarized as follows:1) The background of closing down schools today does not only declining birthrate, but deficit financing of local government and legal assist of combining schools.2) Parents and residents are different in thoughts on closing down their schools to the administration, and so they should share their thoughts.3) Closing schools and converting to branch schools are the effective way to retain schools located among the mountains or isolated islands.
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This study aims to clarify the actual condition of big shopping stores' closing and the tendency of its uses after the closing by the research for 68 cities of Hokuriku-Koshin-Etsu area. The phenomenon of big stores' closing has increased since 1993 and have been observed in all prefectures. Because the depression is prolonged and finding the next commercial users is difficult, municipalities have positively participated in the uses planning after the closing since 1994 and uses have been diversified. Closing buildings or sites, which are located in important places, are thought much of in the central area revitalizing planning.
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Historical returns depend on historical closing prices and distributions. We describe how to compute adjusted closing prices from closing price/distribution data with an emphasis on spreadsheet implementation. Then the growth of a security from one date to another (1 + total return) is just the ratio of the corresponding adjusted closing prices.
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The closing of a class is an essential part of classroom teaching,a superior or inferior closing way has direct impact to classroom teachingTo Explore the principles which good closing ways follow and the methods which good designing takes is one of the key reforming areas of College English classroom teaching,and is also one of the ensures of the quality of classroom teaching.
College English
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Historical returns depend on historical closing prices and distributions. We describe how to compute adjusted closing prices from closing price/distribution data with an emphasis on spreadsheet implementation. Then the growth of a security from one date to another (1 + total return) is just the ratio of the corresponding adjusted closing prices.
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