[Dry matter intake of South American camelids and its effects on the composition of feed rations].
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The number of South American camelids (SAC) is increasing in Germany since decades. Due to a lack of scientifically based publications the knowledge about feeding SACs is still poor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the dry matter intake (DMI) of SACs as a basis for calculations of feed rations. Previous studies proposed a DMI of up to 3% of the body weight (BW) (Vaughan und Gauly, 2011). In the present study, eight llamas (Llama glama) were allocated to two groups of four animals each. The two groups were fed with hay of different qualities over a total period often weeks, which was divided into two runs of five weeks each. During the first run, group 1 was fed with hay 1 (15.1% crude protein; 8.5% crude ash; 3.1% crude fat; 52.6% NDF per kg DM) and group 2 with hay 2 (6.6% crude protein; 6.2% crude ash; 2.1% crude fat; 64.3% NDF per kg DM). After five weeks the groups were changed and group 1 received hay 2 and group 2 received hay 1. BW was measured at the start and end of each run (week zero, five and ten). The hay quality affected the DMI, but the animals did not compensate a lower feed quality with an increased DMI. The total DMI was 1.26% and 0.89% of the BW for hay 1 and hay 2, respectively, which was lower than expected in both groups. In conclusion, calculations of feed rations for SACs should be adjusted to the present findings of a lower DMI capability.Cite
One hundred sixty beef cows (631 ± 78 kg) were used to evaluate the quantity of hay loss and feeding behaviors from different round bale feeders. Twenty cows were allotted by weight and body condition score to one of eight pens with four feeder designs: cone, ring, trailer, or cradle. All feeder types provided approximately 37 cm of linear feeder space per animal. Alfalfa and orchardgrass round bales were weighed and sampled before feeding. Hay that fell onto the concrete surrounding the feeder was considered waste and was collected and sampled daily. At the end of a 7-d period, each feeder type was assigned to a different pen for a second 7-d period. On four consecutive days in each period, animal behavior was recorded using a time-lapse video system. Data were collected from 5-min observational intervals from the video tapes every 0.5 h each day. Feeder access, occupancy rate, and occurrence of agonistic interactions were recorded. Dry matter hay waste was 3.5, 6.1, 11.4, and 14.6% for the cone, ring, trailer, and cradle feeders, respectively. Calculated dry matter intake of hay ranged from 1.8 to 2.0% of body weight and was not different among feeder type (P < 0.05). Percentage of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein were all lower and acid detergent lignin was higher in the recovered waste compared to the hay fed (P < 0.05). Cows feeding from the cradle feeder had nearly three times the agonistic interactions and four times the frequency of entrances compared to cows feeding from the other feeder types (P < 0.05). Feed losses were positively correlated with agonistic interactions, frequency of regular and irregular entrances, and feeder occupancy rate (P < 0.05). Agonistic interactions by cows and frequency of feeder entrances differed among feeders and were correlated to feeder design induced feed losses.
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Agonistic behaviour
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O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo e o consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes em ovinos confinados e alimentados com dietas à base de fenos das gramíneas: capim-elefante, capim-buffel, capim-milhã-roxa e capim-urochloa. Foram utilizados 32 animais da raça Santa Inês (16 machos e 16 femeas) com peso médio de 26,5 kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo cada repetição composta por dois animais. Os animais apresentaram respostas semelhantes para todos os parâmetros avaliados. O ganho de peso foi semelhante entre as dietas estudadas, sendo o valor médio para ganho de peso de 95 g/animal/dia. Não foram observadas diferenças nos consumos de matéria seca e fibra detergente neutro entre as várias dietas estudadas. As dietas à base de feno de milhã-roxa permitiram maior consumo de proteína bruta. Concluiu-se que os fenos avaliados podem ser utilizados na alimentação de ovinos.
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Abstract Two juvenile, female African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) were used in summer and winter trials to determine the apparent digestibility of timothy ( Phleum pratense ) hay. After 12–14 days of dietary adjustment, dry matter intake and fecal excretion were quantitatively measured for 7 days. Dry matter of timothy hay contained 8.6 and 7.7% crude protein, 57.3 and 44.0% acid detergent fiber, and 6.5 and 6.4% ash during the summer and winter trials, respectively. Estimates of apparent digestibility during summer and winter, respectively, were 39 and 35% for dry matter, 43 and 32% for gross energy (GE), 45 and 30% for crude protein (CP), and 36 and 24% for acid detergent fiber (ADF). While GE and CP digestibility estimates tended ( P < .09) to be greater in the summer trial, only the digestibility of ADF was different ( P < .05) between summer and winter. Dry matter intake was 1.4–1.6% of body weight (BW), providing an average of 144 kcal of digestible energy per kg BW 0.75 . This value is similar to that (155 kcal per kg BW 0.75 ) used for estimating digestible energy requirements for maintenance of light‐breed horses.
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Phleum
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The growth rate and body composition of lambs depend on their rate of feed intake and the composition of the feed given. The purpose of the experiment described here was to test predictions of the growth and composition of lambs given feeds of two protein contents at three levels of feeding. 73 Scottish Blackface wethers were abruptly weaned at 49 days of age and an average live weight (LW) of 18 (sd 2.2) kg. Six, chosen to cover the range in initial liveweight, were killed and those remaining were put into individual pens and fed in one of six ways. Two feeds with 140g CP/kg fresh weight (FW), called LP, and 220 g CP/kg FW, called HP, were used. They were formulated using barley, maize and soyabean meal, and hay at 150g/kg FW, and were calculated to yield 11.8 MJ ME/kg FW. Each feed was given ad libitum (AL) and at daily rates of 1.2 or 0.8 kg FW. The numbers of sheepstarted were: ALHP, n = 8; ALLP, n = 8; 1.2 HP, n = 12, 1.2 LP, n = 13, 0.8 HP, n = 14, 0.8 LP, n = 12. Sheep were killed from each treatment at 5 kg LW intervals from 25 to 50 kg. After slaughter the weights of gut-fill and organs were taken and the carcase physically dissected into lean, bone and fat. The chemical composition - dry matter and the ash, N, lipid and gross energy contents of the dry matter - of the whole empty body, excluding wool, was measured. Wool weights were determined. The intakes and weights of each sheep were measured twice weekly.
Alfalfa hay
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Festuca arundinacea
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Latin square
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Utilizaram-se 45 bovinos F1 Limousin x Nelore, inteiros, com, em média, 14 meses de idade e peso vivo inicial de 330 kg, para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de concentrado na matéria seca (25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0%) e dois métodos de balanceamentos de rações (o primeiro, tendendo a ser isoprotéico e o segundo, variando proteína com energia) sobre os consumos de matéria seca (CMS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), conversão alimentar (CA), ganhos diários de peso vivo (GMDPV), corpo vazio (GMDPVZ) e carcaça (GCAR). Cinco animais foram abatidos no início do experimento, como referência, para estimar o peso corporal vazio inicial dos animais que permaneceram no confinamento. Os animais receberam alimentação à vontade até atingirem o peso de abate preestabelecido de 500 kg. Foi utilizado o feno de capim-coastcross como fonte de volumoso na dieta. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. As formas de balanceamento resultaram em igual desempenho dos animais. Os consumos de MS responderam de maneira quadrática, estimando-se os máximos de 8,04 kg MS, 1,99% PV e 89,22 g MS/kg0,75 para os níveis de 41,42; 36,71; e 37,96% de concentrado, respectivamente. Conversão alimentar, consumo de FDN e dias de confinamento decresceram e o GMDPVZ cresceu linearmente, com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado na ração. Os GMDPV e GCAR apresentaram resposta quadrática, com máximos de 1,16 e 0,81 kg para 61,11 e 64,47% de concentrado, respectivamente.
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Research to evaluate urea addition to Brachiaria humidicola hay cut at different ages, on dry matter (MS), nitrogen (N), and ash contents and digestibility in vitro of the dry matter (DIVMS), was carried out under tropical dry forest conditions in the Perija region of Venezuela. The experimental design used was completely randomized with a split plot arrangement and three repetitions. In a 1-ha area, the main plots were located on five strips corresponding to the cutting ages (30, 44, 58, 72, and 86 days), with an effective area of 102 m2 per strip. The chopped hay harvested was placed in plastic bags to which was added 0, 3, and 6% of urea diluted with 40% of water in relation to the dry weight of hay, and then stored for 28 days at ambient temperature. Samples of hay were taken for determination of chemical composition and DIVMS. The results showed an effect of urea addition (P<.0001) on all the variables studied, with increases in N content from 1.2 to 2.9% and in DIVMS from 65.1 to 70.8%; while MS and ash contents decreased from 93.8 to 69.6% and 6.2 to 5.7%, respectively. Cutting age also affected (P<.005) these variables; with increasing age from 30 to 86 days there were decreases in ash (7.4 to 5.3%), N (2.1 to 1.6%), and DIVMS (71.0 to 64.8%), respectively. The DIVMS was also affected (P<.005) by the interaction cutting age x urea treatment, the highest value being 74.2% at 30 days and 3% urea.
Brachiaria
Completely randomized design
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Objectives of the experiment were to determine effects of dietary hay concentration in a dry total mixed ration and its carryover effects on intake, growth performance, faecal score, and feed efficiency of weaned dairy calves. Eighteen Friesian × Jersey weaned calves (n = 6 calves/treatment) were randomly assigned to three rhodes grass hay treatments (RG13, RG26, and RG39). The experimental diets were rhodes grass hay-based total mixed rations containing 13%, 26%, and 39% chopped hay on a DM basis. The experiment had two phases of four weeks each. In phase 1 (weeks 1–4), weaned calves were fed RG13, RG26, or RG39. Then, in phase 2 (weeks 5–8), all calves were shifted to a maize silage-based diet. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were fed ad libitum. Calves were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and feed. Average daily gain and daily dry matter intake were analysed as repeated measures, whereas bodyweight and feed efficiency were analysed using one-way ANOVA. In phases 1 and 2 dry matter intakes were similar. Growth rate decreased linearly with increasing concentration of hay in phase 1. Overall, daily dry matter intake, average daily gain, change in body condition score and structural measurements were not affected by dietary treatments. However, overall feed efficiency was improved for calves fed RG26 compared with RG13 and RG39. Thus, feeding a moderate level of hay had positive impacts on the transition to a silage-based TMR.
Keywords: dietary transition, total mixed ration, intake, growth, feed efficiency, body condition score, faecal score
Silage
Alfalfa hay
Total mixed ration
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SUMMARY Two groups of five lambs were removed from their dams within 48 hr of birth and artificially reared to a slaughter weight of approximately 32 kg on a milk replacer given cold, hay and concentrates. Voluntary intake of the feeds was recorded together with growth rates and carcass composition of the lambs. The two groups of lambs were slaughtered at 58 or 67 days of age with growth rates of 459 and 433 g/day, respectively. The mean milk replacer dry matter consumed per lamb was 34·9 kg and 39·3 kg and concentrate dry matter intakes were 3·1 kg and 4·1 kg. Intakes of hay were negligible. Food conversion efficiencies were 0·70 and 0·67 kg of live-weight gain per kg of dry matter consumed. The mean carcass weights were 18·1 kg and 19·5 kg with mean muscle, bone and fat contents of 48·7%, 16·2% and 35·1 % for lambs slaughtered at 58 days and 48·0%, 14·7% and 37·2% for those slaughtered at 67 days.
Alfalfa hay
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