Volume modeling of different types of pepper fruits with some physical characteristics
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The pepper crop has an important place worldwide in both industrial use and daily nourishment. In this investigation, seven different crop models were devised and a computer program was developed in order to analytically estimate the volumes of the pepper types Conic, Bell, Wax, Paprika, Jalepeno, Long Green and Tomato. The investigation was carried out in five main steps: field experiments, laboratory measurements, modeling process, determination of the validity of the crop models and design of the computer program. According to the results from these processes, values of the Multiple Determination Coefficients were 0.9055, 0.8583, 0.8468, 0.9139, 0.7952, 0.9123 and 0.9478 for Conic, Bell, Wax, Paprika, Jalepeno, Long Green and Tomato peppers, respectively. The actual volume of the pepper fruits harvested at the end of the field experiments and the results from the model solutions were compared. The correlation coefficients between them were 0.9516, 0.9265, 0.9202, 0.9560, 0.8917, 0.9552 and 0.9735 for Conic, Bell, Wax, Paprika, Jalepeno, Long Green and Tomato peppers, respectively. The results from the model solution were statistically significant (P≤0.01).Keywords:
Conic section
Capsicum annuum
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Capsicum annuum
Sphericity
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Monitoring the growth of fruit vegetables is essential for the automation of cultivation management, and harvest. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the current sensor technology can monitor the growth and yield of fruit vegetables such as tomato, cucumber, and paprika. We estimated leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and plant height using coordinates of polygon vertices from plant and canopy surface models constructed using a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. A significant correlation was observed between the measured and estimated leaf area, LAI, and plant height (R2 > 0.8, except for tomato LAI). The canopy structure of each fruit vegetable was predicted by integrating the estimated leaf area at each height of the canopy surface models. A linear relationship was observed between the measured total leaf area and the total dry weight of each fruit vegetable; thus, the dry weight of the plant can be predicted using the estimated leaf area. The fruit weights of tomato and paprika were estimated using the fruit solid model constructed by the fruit point cloud data extracted using the RGB value. A significant correlation was observed between the measured and estimated fruit weights (tomato: R2 = 0.739, paprika: R2 = 0.888). Therefore, it was possible to estimate the growth parameters (leaf area, plant height, canopy structure, and yield) of different fruit vegetables non-destructively using a 3D scanner.
Dry weight
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In order to construct the morphology model and realize the visualization of the chili pepper plant,the effect of temperature on the development of chili pepper leaves were quantified,the relationship of temperature and the morphogenesis of leaves were quantified,and physiological dynamic simulation model on length,width and number of leaves which based on growing degree days(GDD) and Logistic equation was constructed,based on the field experiments in 2008 and 2009.Independent experimental data sets were used to validate the models.The results showed that the root mean square error(RMSE) between simulated value and observed value of the length,width and number of leaves were 1.328 cm,0.384 cm,and 6.615 pieces of leaves,respectively.The simulated value and observed value had high goodness of fit,which indicated that the model was accurate and predictive.
Chili pepper
Value (mathematics)
Growing degree-day
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The paper deals with regression analysis between the real leaf area(LA) and the length(L),the width(W) and the length times the width measured of leaf of sweet pepper grown in greenhouse and the eight regression models were founded.Five sweet pepper cultivars are used in the test.Putting five cultivars together,two regression models with good availability and high correlation were obtained.ModelⅠ: LA= 0.47+ 0.65LW;ModelⅡ: LA=-3.55+ 3.66L-1.35W+ 0.39LW-0.06L2+ 0.13W2+ 0.000066LW2.The results of validation testing showed the two regression models provided a simple,practical,and particularly,non-destructive method of high reliability for the determination of leaf area of sweet pepper.
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To provide support for theoretical basis and policy decision of pepper production,taking Qianjiao 4,Y-187,Huoyanshan and Lvju as the materials,a field test was conducted to analyze the relationship between vertical and transverse diameters as well as dry weight of the fruit and its volume.Then coupled with introduced correction coefficient K and M,a dynamic model of geometrical parameters of pepper fruit was developed.The results indicated that the relationship between vertical diameters and transverse diameters of pepper fruit could be expressed by power function.Meanwhile,dry weight of the fruit changed with its size in line equation.The model had a good predictability on pepper fruit vertical and diameter variation by using independent experimental data.The model could simulate the geometrical characteristics of pepper fruit under different growth conditions.The study laid the foundation for developing a pepper function and structure model.
Predictability
Power function
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Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are an important horticultural crop and are used fresh and processed.Fruit size estimation is used to describe the fruit's growth curve, monitor individual plant growth, predict yield, and conduct physiological studies.Water displacement techniques are used to determine fruit volume, but these are timeconsuming and impractical under field conditions.The aim of this study was to devise a mathematical model to analytically determine the non-destructive pepper fruit volume.Fruit volume was described as a dependent variable, while length, weight, and diameter were independent variables in the model which was formulated as Yi = 19.226859+ 0.139562 Xi -0.256142 Zi + 1.429122 Ti, where Yi = fruit volume (cm 3 ), and Xi, Zi, and Ti are fruit diameter (mm), length (mm), and weight (g) , respectively.This equation can be easily used to predict the accuracy of pepper fruit volume.A significant relationship (P ≤ 0.01) was found between dependent and independent variables.The correlation coefficient describing the relationship between the actual fruit volumes and the model solution was 0.9516.Consequently, it was determined that pepper fruit volume can be described as depending on fruit length, weight, and diameter.
Capsicum annuum
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Many indeterminately growing crops can show strong fluctuations in the pattern of fruit set and harvest. Our research aims at studying the different growth behaviors in pepper cultivars with the functional-structural model GreenLab. A greenhouse experiment with six pepper cultivars characterized with different fruit weight and fruit set was conducted. Detailed destructive measurements were conducted on the dimensions and fresh biomass of above-ground plant organs for each phytomer throughout the season. Parameter values were estimated through the GreenLab model using a generalized least square method for the entire growth period for all cultivars. The results indicate that the sink strength of vegetative organs in sweet pepper was higher than that of hot pepper. Wave-like patterns of source-sink ratio fluctuated more in sweet pepper compared with hot pepper. Two groups of model parameters were correlated: sink strength of leaf blade (Pb), petiole (Pp), internode (Pe) and the ground projection area of the leaf surface (Sp); expansion parameters of leaf blade (ab) and internode(ae). Three-dimensional representations of individual plants were output and the architectural difference can be easily recognized. The analysis indicated that the GreenLab model had the ability to catch the growth performance of each pepper cultivar. The present results can be used for further analysis, such as linking changes of fruit and vegetative growth to fruit set, to find a plant type with better fruit distribution over time and space.
Sink (geography)
Petiole (insect anatomy)
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Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important crop parameters in photosynthesis-driving crop growth simulation model and canopy evapotranspiration simulation model, while air temperature and radiation are the important climate factors affecting crop leaf growth. In this paper, experiments with different sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars and sowing dates were conducted in greenhouse to quantitatively analyze the relationships of the number of unfolding leaves per plant, the number of old leaves removed per plant, and the length of each leaf with air temperature and radiation. Based on these quantitative relationships, a leaf area simulation model for greenhouse sweet pepper was developed, and the independent experimental data were used to validate the model. The results showed that the number of unfolding leaves per plant was a positive exponential function of the product of thermal effectiveness and PAR (TEP) accumulated after emergence, and the length of each leaf was a negative exponential function of the TEP accumulated after emergence. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean squared error (RMSE) between simulated and measured leaf number, leaf length, and LAI were 0.94, 0.89, and 0.93, and 3.4, 2.15, and 0.15, respectively. The model could use air temperature, radiation, planting density, and emergence date to satisfactorily predict the LAI of greenhouse sweet pepper, and supply required LAI information for the sweet pepper growth and canopy evapotranspiration simulation models.
Crop coefficient
Specific leaf area
Growing degree-day
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Pepper berry (Piper nigrum L.) is known as the king of spices and has sharp, pungent flavour and aroma. In this study, the physical properties (weight, dimensions, sphericity, volume, surface area, and projected area) were measured, and the mass of pepper berries of the Kuching variety at different maturity levels (immature, mature, and ripe) was predicted using four models: linear, quadratic, s-curve, and power. When the models were based on volume and projected area, the mass could be predicted with maximum precision. The Quadratic model was best fitted for mass prediction at all mass maturity levels (immature, mature, and ripe). The results showed that mass modelling based on the actual volume of pepper berries was more applicable compared to other properties with the highest determination coefficient, 0.995, at the 1% probability level. From an economical point of view, mass prediction based on actual volume in the Quadratic form, M= 0.828 − 0.015 V + 7.376 ×10−5V2, is recommended. The findings of physical properties and mass modelling of the berries would be useful to the scientific knowledge base, which may help in developing grading, handling, and packaging systems.
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Abstract: The size of an agricultural product is an important parameter to determine fruit growth and quality. It can be used to determine the optimum harvest time as a maturity index. In this study, the image analysis method was tested on Kahramanmaras red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) which may have a non uniform shape. For this purpose; the front, top and left side of each pepper was taken into account for evaluations and projection areas. The effect of each image and image combination has been used to determine the volume of peppers. The regression coefficients between the projection areas and volume values have also been assessed for volume estimation. The most appropriate estimation formula has been calculated from the top and the left projection area. The regression coefficient has been found 89.7% for estimation of volume.
Capsicum annuum
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