Blood supply to the periosteum of the canine tibia.
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Abstract:
A study was undertaken to determine which arteries supply the periosteum of the normal adult canine tibia. The vessels were found to arise from locations distinct from the muscular vascularization. The venous drainage of the tibial periosteum had a satellite relationship with the arteries. On the surface of the periosteum, the vessels formed rectangular patterns. All surfaces of the distal end of the tibia seemed to have less distinct anastomoses of the transverse periosteal twigs, compared with the proximal end of the tibia.Keywords:
Periosteum
Blood supply
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The blood supply of the periosteum of the human tibia was investigated by anatomical dissection of 12 lower extremities which were filled with injection mass. By division of the tibia into 4 segments (proximal and distal fifths; proximal and distal diaphysis) a general supplying system of the periosteum was found. The proximal fifth of the tibial periosteum is nourished by branches of the arteriae recurrentes tibiales anterior et posterior and the aa. inferiores medialis et lateralis genus. At the proximal diaphysis (next three tenths of the tibia) periosteal branches arise from the aa. tibialis anterior and posterior, whereas the distal diaphysis is nourished exclusively by semicircular vessels of the a. tibialis anterior which twine around the bone and merge with each other at the facies medialis. Concerning the periosteal blood supply of the distal fifth of the tibia, two different types were found. In two thirds of the cases the lateral side was nourished by branches of the a. tibialis anterior, which are supported by vessels from the a. fibularis. In one third the latter branch was absent so that the rami periostales arising from the a. tibialis anterior nourished the lateral aspect of the distal tibia alone. The dorsal region was supplied in all cases by rami of the a. fibularis and a. tibialis posterior. On the medial side the periosteal nourishment is ensured only by anastomosis. Branches of the a. tibialis anterior supply the facies lateralis and facies posterior where it is supported by vessels of the a. tibialis posterior and in a minor region of rami of the a. fibularis (distal) and a. poplitea (proximal). Both the facies lateralis and facies posterior are nourished by direct branches which arise from the main arteries of the lower leg, whereas the facies medialis is supplied only by capillary anastomosis. The a. tibialis anterior is the artery of great importance concerning the arterial supply of the periosteum and the outer aspect of the cortex of the tibia. The autonomous region of this vessel is the periosteum of the distal diaphysis. It is known that this region has the highest incidence of congenital and acquired pseudarthrosis. Therefore an osteo- or corticotomy should be avoided in the distal diaphysis.
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Blood supply
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The formation of cartilage is described in the repair of the fractured fibula of the guinea pig. Cartilage and bone developed from a common blastema and transitions occurred between them. No convincing evidence was found that cartilage was ever directly transformed into bone. In some guinea pigs, whether with the fibula fractured or not, the tibia and fibula came into contact near the distal end, and the apposed periostea fused and chondrified. Later the cartilage was resorbed from below and replaced by bone. Thus, the tibia and fibula were united by a bony connection near their distal ends. In the chondrification of the periostea, the fibrous layer was involved as well as the cambial layer. In some specimens the periostea chondrified without fusing, making a structure resembling a nearthrosis. In the normal development of the rat, the tibia and fibula become fused near their distal ends within a few days after birth. The fusion process begins in the periostea, which unite. The cambial layers then chondrify, and the chondrification process spreads through the fused fibrous layers so that the two bones are united by a cartilaginous pad. This pad is later replaced by bone from below so that a bony union is established. In the embryo chick, metatarsals 2, 3, and 4 are at first separate cartilages. Periosteal bone develops around each cartilage and at first there is no connection between the three bones. Later, bony trabeculae form on the anterior and posterior aspects, connecting pairs of adjacent bones, close beneath the common fibrous periosteum. The fusion thus occurs without the formation of cartilage. In the frog, the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna, become fused during metamorphosis. No cartilage is formed during the fusion, the two bones becoming enclosed in a common sheath of periosteal bone which develops beneath the common fibrous periosteal layer. In a discussion of the induction of cartilage formation it is concluded: (1) That presumptive cartilage cells of the embryo chondrify independently of mechanical stimulation, the determining agent being presumably humoral: (2) That cells which do not normally chondrify, but which belong to the skeletal group, form cartilage if they are subjected to certain mechanical conditions, and that these conditions include pressure and shear; (3) That cells of the non-skeletal connective tissue group can form cartilage only if they undergo an induction, presumably by a humoral agent, and that no further mechanical stimulation seems then to be required.
Periosteum
Bridge (graph theory)
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[Objective]To further investigate the blood supply of the tibia to reduce the injury of the blood supply in operation.[Methods]Through dissecting 16 adults’ legs,which were filled with red emulsion via the femoral artery,the main vessels of the tibia and their features were described and illustrated in detail.[Results]Tibial blood mainly consisted of three arterial groups,epiphyseal and metaphyseal artery system,tibial nutrient artery system and periosteal artery system. The feature of the tibial blood supply:(1)arteries in the metaphyses were significantly superior to those in tibial diaphyses and periosteum;(2)blood supply of arteries in tibial diaphyses was main from tibial nutrient artery system,next periosteal branches which were from anterior and posterior tibial artery,and it supplied blood transportation for periosteum and cortical bone;(3)blood supply of lateral surface of tibial diaphyses was more abundant than that of anteromedial surface and posterior surface of tibial diaphyses.[Conclusion]The tibia blood supply mainly consists of three parts:epiphyseal and metaphyseal artery system,tibial nutrient artery system and periosteal artery system. The arteries in the metaphyses are significantly superior to those in tibial diaphyses and the periosteum.
Periosteum
Blood supply
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
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There has been a long-standing debate as to whether medullary or periosteal flow is the dominant vascular supply during the healing of diaphyseal fractures. We used radioactive microspheres to quantify blood flow to the canine tibia two weeks after an osteotomy. There was a significant contribution from the periosteum to the blood supply of healing cortical bone after nutrient artery ligation, with a reversal of flow from a centrifugal to a centripetal direction. Our study has confirmed the qualitative observations of Trueta (1974) regarding the significant recruitment of vessels from surrounding soft tissue during fracture healing. We have not studied the later stages of healing.
Periosteum
Blood supply
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The cause and mechanisms of the migration of tendons and ligaments were studied in young rabbits. Three techniques were used: (1) Marking of insertions, the neighbouring periosteum and the diaphysis with metallic markers. (2) Marking of insertion sites by tetracycline as an indicator of osteogenesis. (3) Histological examination. The insertions used in the study were of three different characters: (1) Insertions subject to muscular traction (patellar ligament, quadratus femoris muscle, tibialis anterior muscle). (2) The distal insertions of the medial collateral ligament of the knee, stretched by the activity of the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of the tibia. (3) The proximal and distal insertions of the anterior annular ligament of the tibia, inserted solely in bone and periosteum. The cause of migration is the growth of periosteum dragging the insertions during its stretching, caused itself by the activity of the epiphyseal plates. The local mechanism governing migration while ensuring a continuous connexion with the bone is not the same in all sites. It depends upon the character of the bony surface at the insertion and of the function of the insertion zone, which can be osteogenic, resorptive or both. A plexus of precollagenous fibres is present at all resorptive insertion sites, and at some of the osteogenic sites.
Periosteum
Medial collateral ligament
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Thirty-six tibiae from 11 female and 7 male cadavers were dissected. Anatomical and histological examinations of the plantar flexor muscle origins at the posteromedial border of the tibia were performed. Many individual variations in the type and size of muscle origin were observed. Muscle fibers and/or connective tissue in different proportions attached the muscle to the periosteum or directly to the cortical bone. The length of the attachments varied greatly and there was a considerable overlap of the muscles in some individuals. The attachments of the flexor digitorum longus overlapped the tibialis posterior and the flexor digitorum longus muscle was overlapped by the soleus muscle. In two cases the soleus muscle did not attach to the tibia at all. Our findings may shed some light on the question as to why some athletes sustain posteromedial tibial stress fractures and others develop shin splits or other posteromedial injuries from similar precipitating activity.
Periosteum
Plantar flexion
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor muscles
Muscle belly
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Eighty\|four cases of the unstable tibia\|fibula fractures treated by fixed and pulled bones were reported in this paper, in which forty\|eight cases were closed and thirty\|six open. This technique was simple, reliable and convenient. The wounded leg might move at an early stage after operation. The operation did not injure the periosteum at the fracture site, and blood supply mihgt be well preserved, thus enhancing the union of the fracture and reducing complications. The clinical healing rate was 100% in 8~12 weeks. None of the cases developed acute and chronic osteomylitis or no\|union of the fracture.
Periosteum
Blood supply
Bony union
Delayed union
Non union
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There has been a long-standing debate as to whether medullary or periosteal flow is the dominant vascular supply during the healing of diaphyseal fractures. We used radioactive microspheres to quantify blood flow to the canine tibia two weeks after an osteotomy. There was a significant contribution from the periosteum to the blood supply of healing cortical bone after nutrient artery ligation, with a reversal of flow from a centrifugal to a centripetal direction. Our study has confirmed the qualitative observations of Trueta (1974) regarding the significant recruitment of vessels from surrounding soft tissue during fracture healing. We have not studied the later stages of healing.
Periosteum
Blood supply
Anterior tibial artery
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Citations (14)