Stigma in Cirrhotic Patients
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Abstract:
Stigma is one of the main problems of patients suffering from cirrhosis, and it causes many challenges for the patients and their treatment. The present study aimed to discover and define the perceived stigma by cirrhotic patients. This qualitative study was conducted through a content analysis approach. The participants were 15 patients suffering from cirrhosis. Data were collected via semistructured, in-depth interviews and analyzed on the basis of methods described by Granheme and Landman. During data analysis, stigma was categorized into four categories and 13 subcategories: external representation of social stigma (others' avoidance behaviors, inadmissible tag, discriminative behaviors of treatment personnel, blaming behaviors), internal representation of social stigma (social ostracism, social isolation, curiosity to perceive people's perceptions), external representation of self-stigma (fear of disclosure of illness, threatening situation, difficult emotional relationships), and internal representation of self-stigma (condemned to suffer, self-punishment, self-alienation). Experiencing stigma is common among cirrhotic patients and may affect patients' coping with the illness and treatment. Thus, it is specifically important that treatment personnel know patients' perception, provide comprehensive support for these patients, and plan to enhance public awareness about the disease recommended.Keywords:
Ostracism
Curiosity
Stigma
Social Isolation
Social representation
Social stigma
We find that ostracism negatively impacts belongingness, which in turn relate to lower performance and higher withdrawal. We further find that the impact of ostracism is unique compared to that of bullying. Finally, we demonstrate that the impact of ostracism is intensified when one has social support outside of work.
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Belongingness
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Ostracism
Social Isolation
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It has been argued that "we feel the pain of others' ostracism as our own". However, it is unknown whether observed ostracism is as distressing as self-experienced ostracism. We conducted two studies to address this lacuna. In Study 1, participants played or observed an online ball-tossing game, in which they or a stranger were ostracized or included by others. In Study 2, participants imagined themselves or someone else being ostracized or included. Across both studies, self-experienced and observed ostracism had the same negative effect on mood. Also, both self-experienced and observed ostracism evoked need threat, but this effect was slightly lower after observed ostracism. In sum, the findings suggest that we do feel the pain of others' ostracism as our own, consistent with the notion that humans are equipped with a system that detects violations of social inclusion norms in the environment.
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Social rejection
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Abstract Ostracism at Athens is one of the many subjects in which David Lewis has taken an interest, but as far as I know he has not written on Athens’ last ostracism, that of Hyperbolus. It is a subject which presents a fascinating mixture of problems —in the interpretation of different kinds of text. and in the reconstruction of an episode in history. This is the episode in which, according to a story told three times by Plutarch, Hyperbolus proposed an ostracism, hoping to get rid of either Nicias or Alcibiades (or, according to Theophrastus, either Phaeax or Alcibiades), but the two men joined forces so that the supporters of each voted not against the other but against Hyperbolus, with the result that Hyperbolus himself was ostracized-but afterwards the people were disgusted and abandoned the institution of ostracism.
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