Steamed water engineering mechanically robust graphene films for high-performance electrochemical capacitive energy storage
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Supercapacitors are investigated as an energy storage device alternative to batteries, but their electrochemical performance is usually inspected with the metrics of classic capacitors. The resulting inconsistency in the literature has caused confusion about the potentials and limitations of supercapacitors. First, the average power density of a supercapacitor cannot be directly compared with the relatively constant power density of counterpart batteries. Second, specific capacitance is the capability of capacitors for charge separation by the potential perturbation and does not represent the capacity for energy storage when the delivered charge has a nonlinear dependency on the potential. Third, many new supercapacitors are not even faster than their counterpart batteries to justify practical development, but the problem is buried under the shield of inappropriate metrics. This paper clarifies that employing the appropriate metrics for energy storage can lead us in the designing of faster supercapacitors for practical applications.
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Co₉S₈/Ni₃S₂ nanoflakes have been successfully designed and constructed on a nickel foam substrate via a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. The as-prepared Co₉S₈/Ni₃S₂ active electrode exhibited superior supercapacitor performance with an area capacitance of 8.95 F cm⁻² at a current density of 6 mA cm⁻², and 7.80 F cm⁻² even at a high power density of 12 mA cm⁻². By applying Co₉S₈/Ni₃S₂ as the positive electrode and porous carbon as the negative electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated and has shown promising energy densities of 81.7 W h kg⁻¹ at a power density of 0.35 kW kg⁻¹. The stupendous specific capacitance, enhanced cycle stability, elevated energy density and power density as an asymmetric supercapacitor device of these electrode materials indicate that they could be a potential candidate in the field of supercapacitors.
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Electroceramics with high energy density are very crucial to meet the increasing demands of energy storage devices. Storage devices with high electrochemical performance are the need of the hour. Superior electrochemical performance has a direct tie with parameters, such as high storage density and power density. High-performance supercapacitors can be achieved by simply enhancing energy density. Many factors greatly influence the energy storage density of a supercapacitor. The energy density can easily be tailored by controlling two factors such as capacitance and voltage. The energy density is affected by parameters such as spore size, grain size, surface area, functional group, and band gap. The voltage can be increased by introducing asymmetric supercapacitors or hybrid supercapacitors. The future perspective of new methods to improve energy density is deliberated briefly.
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The use of energy storage devices are exposed to more and more problems,of which the biggest problem is the short life and heavy metal pollutants recycling issues.Supercapacitor has the advantages of faster charge,long cycle life,little pollution,and etc.Single supercapacitor can not meet the voltage demand due to its low voltage,so,multiple supercapacitors in series are required.However,the difference between the single supercapacitors results in the uneven voltage allocation of each single supercapacitor,which causes the significant decrease of the energy storage and accelerates the performance degradation of supercapacitors.To solve the above problems,the same design with the supercapacitor voltage balance circuit connected,constituted a supercapacitor module,and a number of supercapacitor modules,the microcontroller and the related circuitry formed the supercapacitor energy storage devices.The experimental results show that the supercapacitor energy storage has excellent energy storage effect,and a promising application prospect.
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We have investigated the key factors determining the performance of supercapacitors constructed using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electrodes. Several parameters, such as composition of the binder, annealing temperature, type of current collector, charging time, and discharging current density have been optimized for the best performance of the supercapacitor with respect to energy density and power density. We find a maximum specific capacitance of 180 F/g and a measured power density of 20 kW/kg at energy densities in the range from 7 to 6.5 Wh/kg at 0.9 V in a solution of 7.5 N KOH (the currently available supercapacitors have energy densities in the range 6–7 Wh/kg and power density in the range 0.2–5 kW/kg at 2.3 V in non-aqueous solvents).
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