Sequential use of clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin, and human chorionic gonadotropin in human in vitro fertilization. II. Study of luteal phase adequacy following aspiration of the preovulatory follicles
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
Gonadotropin
Menotropins
The female menstrual cycle is characterized by monthly rhythmical changes in the rates of secretion of female hormones which effect the cardiac autonomic function. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an indirect noninvasive measure of the cardiac autonomic function. This study shows the influence of different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiac autonomic regulation. The frequency domain analysis of HRV was determined for 60 normally menstruating young females in the age group of 18-30 years in their follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. There is an increase in the low frequency (LF) domain and a decrease in the high frequency (HF) domain with a subsequent increase in the LF/HF ratio in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when compared to the follicular phase though statistically non-significant. Sympathetic nervous activities are predominant in the luteal phase as compared to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Cardiac cycle
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
Gonadotropin
Menotropins
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
Gonadotropin
Menotropins
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Fifteen women prospectively diagnosed with PMS and 15 non-PMS women were each tested twice for cardiovascular stress reactivity and behavioral performance, once during the follicular phase and once during the luteal phase of their cycle. Although blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress did not differ across the menstrual cycle in either group of women, for the non-PMS women, differences in hemodynamic responses were observed across the 2 phases. The luteal phase was associated with greater stroke volume responses and lesser vascular tone. For the PMS women, none of their cardiovascular measures differed across their cycle. Instead, these women showed significantly attenuated blood pressure and heart rate responses compared with non-PMS women, irrespective of cycle phase.
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The menstrual cycle is characterized by dramatic fluctuations in ovarian steroid levels. Beyond reproductive effects, ovarian steroids actuate changes in well-being and are implicated in stress processes that influence physical and mental health. In this chapter, studies explicating psychophysiological responses to stress provocation in laboratory settings are considered along with those that reveal interrelationships among cyclical hormones, stress processes, and risk factors for disease. We begin by reviewing hormone release patterns across cycle phases and the bi-directional relationships with the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis. The bi-directional model is supported by research demonstrating cycle phase variations in responses to laboratory stressors. Studies generally reveal greater reactivity and lower cardiac vagal control during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle compared to the follicular phase. Three explanations are offered for this luteal phase increase including the cardioprotective effects of estrogen, withdrawal effects of plummeting hormones during the late luteal phase, and premenstrual symptomatology. Finally, we consider neuroendocrine processes associated with increased stress reactivity as risk factors for mental health conditions that plague women. We conclude with recommendations for clinicians to consider treatment plans that are sensitive to the effects of cycle phase on stress.
Stressor
Neuroendocrinology
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Introduction: Changes in the levels of various hormones during different phases of menstrual cycle are known to affect various functions of body apart from reproductive system. This study was planned to see effect of different phases of menstrual cycle on peak expiratory flow rate in normal healthy young females of age group between 18-24 years. Material & Method: Study was performed on 30 healthy normal regularly menstrual medical students of age group 18-24 years in different phases of menstrual cycle for single cycle. PEFR is recorded in different phases of menstrual cycle .menstrual phase(2nd to 4th day),proliferative phase(9th to 12th day)and luteal (19th to 21st day).Instrument used was WRIGHT’s peak expiratory flow meter. Three readings were taken in standing condition and maximum of three readings were considered in each phase. Results: Peak expiratory flow rate was significantly higher (p<0.05)during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle as compared to menstrual and proliferative phases. Conclusion: As PEFR was better during luteal phase so this suggests a possible role of increased levels of progesterone during the luteal phase on respiratory system.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in dynamic and static balance ability during the menstrual cycle among young women. The subjects were young healthy women (n=12, age 20.4±1.2 years) with regular exercise and a normal menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle was divided into 5 phases : Menstrual, Follicular, Ovulatory, Early luteal and Late luteal. Measurements were taken using the dynamic balance test, static balance test and looseness test. The dynamic balance test did not change during the menstrual cycle. Length Time within the static balance test increased in the late luteal phase compared to other menstrual cycle phases. The deviation of the mean of X within the static balance test increased in the follicular and late luteal phase and decreased in the ovulatory phase. Also, the deviation of the mean of X increased in the follicular phase compared to the menstrual phase and decreased in the menstrual and early luteal phases compared to the follicular and ovulatory. Left arm upper of laxity in hand on the back test within looseness test increased in the menstrual and early luteal phases compared to other menstrual cycle phases. These results suggest that static balance ability changes during the menstrual cycle.
Balance Test
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