Genetic characterization of the mechanism by which certain strains of Escherichia coli survive in high kanamycin concentrations.
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By genetic studies, it was tried to find the mechanism by which a bacterial fraction from different isolated clinical cultures resistant to 25 micrograms/ml of kanamycin can grow in media containing 500 micrograms/ml of kanamycin (at a frequency of about 10(-5)). This study was done in six clinical isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to more than three antibiotics. The results from the bacterial fraction (subpopulation) resistant to high concentrations of kanamycin in the level of resistance to aminoglycoside and non-aminoglycoside antibiotics, in the conjugation experiments, and in the percentage of resistant bacteria to 500 micrograms/ml of kanamycin when the subpopulations were subsequently cultivated in the absence of antibiotics suggest that genetic amplification occurred when one of the strains was growing in the presence of 500 micrograms/ml of kanamycin. Moreover, this strain increased its frequency of survival in high kanamycin concentrations when it was transduced by bacteriophage P1, propagated in cultures resistant to 500 micrograms/ml of kanamycin.Keywords:
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We isolated 11 nonconjugative plasmids mediating resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Their genetic properties were investigated in both P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli transformants. The plasmid molecular weights ranged from 11 x 10(6) to 24 x 10(6). A low level or complete absence of gentamicin resistance was observed when these plasmids were introduced into E. coli, but gentamicin resistance was restored when the plasmids were transferred back to P. aeruginosa from E. coli. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme activity was detected in P. aeruginosa harboring these plasmids, but was absent or greatly reduced in E. coli strains. This lack of expression may explain the observed decrease in aminoglycoside resistance.
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Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (dibekacin, gentamicin and kanamycin) by rapid intravenous injection were histopathologically compared with those by intramuscular injection in 83 rabbits. The concentration of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum and perilymph, after administration of two different routes was also comparatively assessed. The doses of antibiotics were 50mg/kg for dibekacin, 30mg/kg for gentamicin, and 100mg/kg for kanamycin. These antibiotics were administered for 30 days, and all animals were sacrificed 10 days after the last injection for histopathological studies.The concentration of the antibiotics in serum and perilymph was determined through a single administration of two different routes in doses of 50mg/kg for dibekacin and 100mg/kg for kanamycin.The results revealed that, although the peak serum level of antibiotics by the rapid intravenous injection was significantly much higher than that by the intramuscular injection, no differences in the transfer of antibiotics into perilymph and in degrees or patterns of inner ear damage or renal damage by antibiotics were seen between the two different routes. In other words, the results of the present study did not support the conventional idea that, the higher the peak blood levels of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, the more the damage in inner ear or kidney tends to take place.
Ototoxicity
Perilymph
Kanamycin
Nephrotoxicity
Intramuscular injection
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The antibiotics kanamycin, paromomycin and neomycin were shown to have essentially the same activity in vitro against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and of various Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteria made resistant to any one of these 3 antibiotics by subcultures on that antibiotic also exhibit virtually complete cross-resistance to the other two. Organisms isolated from infected sources do not show significant cross-resistance between streptomycin and any of these 3 antibiotics. However, strains made resistant in vitro to either kanamycin, paromomycin or neomycin show moderate increases in resistance to streptomycin, and strains made resistant to the latter exhibit only minor increases in resistance to the other 3 antibiotics. With all 4 antibiotics, corresponding parent and resistant variants of the staphylococci were of the same phage type, and resistant variants of K. pneumoniae and E. coli retained their serological specificity. Fecal organisms isolated from patients during oral treatment with paromomycin or kanamycin were resistant to the antibiotic administered and showed moderate to marked resistance also to the other one and to neomycin.
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Neomycin
Kanamycin
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Biochemical transformations of aminoglycoside antibiotics by Bacillus species were exam-ined. Among 39 strains of 8 Bacillus species, 4 strains of B. brevis were found to inactivate several aminoglycoside antibiotics: neamine, xylostasin, butirosin A and kanamycin A. In the presence of Mg+2 and ATP, the cell-free extracts of B. brevis IFO 12334 catalyzed the transformation of xylostasin to its inactive form. The structure of this inactivated xylo-stasin was determined to be 4'-O-monoadenylylxylostain from the 13C-NMR spectra, and from biochemical and spectroscopic studies.
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Bacillaceae
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The N -3′′ modification in the kanamycin A antibiotic prevents significant loss of activity in resistant bacterial strains.
Kanamycin
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RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTAntibiotic Killing Method In DisputeCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2013, 91, 10, 8Publication Date (Print):March 11, 2013Publication History Published online31 March 2014Published inissue 11 March 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09110-notw8https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09110-notw8newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views11Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Antimicrobial agents,Bacteria,Free radicals Get e-Alerts
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We have studied the transfer of the conjugative shuttle plasmid pAT191, which confers resistance to kanamycin, from Enterococcus faecalis to Escherichia coli in the digestive tracts of six gnotobiotic mice. Colonies of E. coli resistant to kanamycin were isolated from the feces of two mice, respectively, on days 25 and 35 after the beginning of the experiment and never thereafter. The transfer frequency of pAT191, expressed as the number of transconjugants per donor cell isolated from intestines of sacrificed mice, was 3 x 10(-9). These results indicate that conjugation is a mechanism that could account for the resistance gene flux from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria observed in nature.
Enterococcus faecalis
Kanamycin
Shuttle vector
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